Lecture Ready – Chapter 4 – Lecture Outline

Bui Ng? c Minh Anh BABAUH11045 Listening AE1 Chapter 4 †Lecture Outline TOPIC: Technology is changing the music business. I. Democritization of music industry: 1. Creation of music: a. Proficient instruments of recording studio on PCs. b. Not, at this point needs a chronicle organization to make top notch accounts. 2. Advancement of music: a. On the web, anybody can be a pundit. b. Individuals post review, opion and their music take a shot at music locales, writes or make their own sound websites. . Advancement devices has been promote. 3. Dispersion of music: a. MP3 records †the most well known approach to get music. b. There are numerous destinations to purchase single or collection of music. c. Records sharing †P2P systems †sharing everywhere throughout the world. II. Copyright: (The U. S. laws and worldwide concurrences on proprietorship and rights to appropriate property) 1. Devices make music simple to record, advance, convey additionally make it simple to t ake. 2.P2P systems can be utilized in lawful manner, be that as it may, 90% of music downloaded disregards copyright †individuals exchange music illicitly. 3. Step by step instructions to stop, or decrease copyright encroachment: a. Music organizations and performers accept that it’s expected to limit record sharing on the web: †Companies that make it simple to share document and bring in cash from it ought not be permitted to work. †Should nstall security gadgets that make it harder to duplicate and offer documents to ensure the organizations and musicians’ rights. . The record sharing locales and innovation organizations differ to confine all uses to secure copyright: †The free progression of data prompted the absolute most mechanical advances of the world. †Restrict web sharing cutoff the record sharing as well as breaking point the advancement. c. Other gathering of individuals believe that it’s expected to have new models for how to pay craftsmen and the music organizations, that limit record sharing just won’t work.

Strategies of Knowledge Acquisition

Methodologies of Knowledge Acquisition Author(s): Deanna Kuhn, Merce Garcia-Mila, Anat Zohar, Christopher Andersen, Sheldon H. White, David Klahr, Sharon M. Carver Source: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 60, No. 4, Strategies of Knowledge Acquisition (1995), pp. i+iii+v-vi+1-157 Published by: Blackwell Publishing in the interest of the Society for Research in Child Development Stable URL: http://www. jstor. organization/stable/1166059 . Gotten to: 16/09/2011 13:38 Your utilization of the JSTOR document demonstrates your acknowledgment of the Terms and Conditions of Use, accessible at . ttp://www. jstor. organization/page/data/about/strategies/terms. jsp JSTOR is a not-revenue driven assistance that helps researchers, scientists, and understudies find, use, and expand upon a wide scope of substance in a confided in advanced chronicle. We use data innovation and devices to expand efficiency and encourage new types of grant. For more data about JSTOR, i f it's not too much trouble contact [emailâ protected] organization. Blackwell Publishing and Society for Research in Child Development are working together with JSTOR to digitize, safeguard and stretch out access to Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. ttp://www. jstor. organization OF MONOGRAPHS THE IN FOR SOCIETY RESEARCH CHILD DEVELOPMENT Serial No. 245, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1995 OF STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION Deanna Kuhn Merce Garcia-Mila Anat Zohar Andersen Christopher BY WITH COMMENTARY SheldonH. White David Klahr and Sharon M. Carver BY AND A REPLY THEAUTHORS MONOGRAPHSTHE OF SOCIETY RESEARCH FOR INCHILD DEVELOPMENT SerialNo. 245, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1995 CONTENTS ABSTRACT v I. Presentation 1 II. Technique 24 III. Information IN ACQUISITION ADULTS 33 IV. Information IN ACQUISITION CHILDREN 42 V. Procedures STRATEGY AND CHANGE ADULTS 50 IN VI.STRATEGIES STRATEGY AND CHANGE CHILDREN 64 IN VII. THE PROCESS CHANGE OF 75 VIII. Ends 98 REFERENCES121 ACKNOWLEDG MENTS 128 COMMENTARY TOWARD EVOLUTIONARY AN EPISTEMOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING SheldonH. White 129 SCIENTIFIC THINKING ABOUT SCIENTIFIC THINKING David Klahr and Sharon M. Carver 137 REPLY SCIENTIFIC AND KNOWLEDGE THINKING ACQUISITION Deanna Kuhn 152 CONTRIBUTORS 158 STATEMENT OF EDITORIAL POLICY 160 ABSTRACT KUHN, DEANNA; GARCIA-MILA,MERCE; ZOHAR, ANAT; and ANDERSEN, CHRISTOPHER. WithCommentary Strategiesof KnowledgeAcquisition. nd H. KLAHR SHARON CARVER; and SHELDON WHITE by DAVID M. by KUHN. also, a Reply by DEANNA theSociety Research in Monographs of for Child 1995, 60(4, SerialNo. 245). Improvement, In this Monograph, is knowledgeacquisition examinedas a processinthe coordinationof existing theorieswith new proof. In spite of the fact that volving scientists studyingconceptualchange have describedchildren'sevolving theorieswithinnumerousdomains,relatively little attentionhas been given to the components meansof whichtheoriesare shaped and revisedand by knowledgeis therebyacqui red.Centralto the presentworkis the claimthat strategiesof information acquisitionmay differ significantlyacross (just as inside) individualsand can be conceptualizedwithin a formative structure. To studythese strategiesand their development,we utilize a microgenetic strategy. Our application the strategy allowsextendedobservation the of securing knowledgewithina domain,of the strategiesused to get this knowledge,and of the changein these methodologies overtime.The technique likewise permits qualitativeanalysisof individualsand quantitativeanalysisof gatherings to be utilized in corresponding manners. Information obtaining processeswereexaminedat twoage levels. Junior college grown-ups and preadolescentsparticipatedin two 30-45-min individualsessionseach week over a 10-weekperiod. Subjectsworked on problemsinvolvinga wide scope of contentfrom both physicaland social spaces. An exchange configuration was arranged inside this microgeneticframework,for the purposeof assessinggenerality of systems withthe presentation of new content.Subjectsof the two ages showedprogressacrossthe 10 weeksin the degree of strategiesused just as closeness the structure that this progresstook. in levelsthatdid not varygreatly,childrenshowed Despiteinitialperformance V less vital improvement than grown-ups and substandard information obtaining. Key advancement was kept up by the two gatherings when new issue content was presented halfway through the meetings. The outcomes along these lines show critical sweeping statement of procedures and technique change across content, just as populations.A further sign of simplification was the rise of new systems at about a similar time in the social and physical areas, despite the fact that exhibition in the social space by and large falled behind that in the physical space. At the individual level, blended use of legitimate and invalid methodologies was the standard. This finding in a grown-up populace recommends that this inconstancy is an incr easingly broad quality of human execution, as opposed to one remarkable to conditions of formative transition.Another wide ramifications of this changeability is that solitary event appraisal may give a, best case scenario fragmented, and frequently deceptive, portrayal of a person's methodology. Still another ramifications is that in any event part of inconstancy in execution across content lives in the subject, as opposed to solely in the assignment. That prevalent techniques present in a person's repertory are not generally applied features the way that more is associated with equipped execution than the capacity to execute viable strategies.Metastrategic capability the capacity to ponder and oversee vital information and metacognitive fitness the capacity to think about the substance of one's information are underlined as basic segments of intellectual turn of events. These skills decide the methodologies that are really utilized, among those possibly accessible, and along these lines the viability of a person's exhibition. At long last, the nearness of different procedures and numerous types of capability incredibly entangles the depiction of formative change. Instead of a nidimensional progress from a to b, the change procedure must be conceptualized as far as numerous parts following individual (despite the fact that not free) ways. VI I. Presentation Knowledge securing is a procedure principal to endurance that starts early and proceeds for the duration of the life expectancy. What do we are aware of the procedure? Research inside the most recent decade has clarified that since the beginning information is sorted out into speculations that are expounded and modified after some time and that fill in as vehicles for understanding the world.In different words, information procurement to an enormous degree happens through a procedure of hypothesis arrangement and amendment. Among analysts embracing an information or hypothesis based way to deal with intell ectual turn of events, the emphasis has been on depicting the substance of these developing speculations in a wide scope of spaces, and we presently know a decent arrangement about the continuously increasingly explained information that offspring of different ages are probably going to have inside various substance areas (Gelman and Wellman, in press; Wellman and Gelman, 1992).In difference, generally little consideration has been given to the procedure of information procurement itself, that is, the systems by methods for which speculations are shaped and updated and information is subsequently obtained. It is this subject is the focal point of the current work. Inside the information based methodology, the suspicion that has been at any rate understood, and is every so often voiced expressly (Brewer and Samarapungavan, 1991; Carey, 1985a, 1986), is that these components stay pretty much steady across development.The present work lays on a differentiating guarantee that techniques of information securing change altogether across (just as inside) people and can be conceptualized in formative terms. Information AS ACQUISITION THEORY-EVIDENCE COORDINATION The general type of information and information procurement concentrated here is that of the connection between one classification of occasion and another. Most generally, such relations are understood causally (Cheng and Nisbett, 1993), with a precursor class of occasion deciphered as affecting a result IKUHNETAL. class (e. g. , ingestion of food and a youngster's real development). Supporting this type of information is a progressively essential one having to do with how occasions or articles fit together into classifications (e. g. , nourishments, nonfoods, and changeless versus transitory real changes). In spite of the fact that the last isn't analyzed here, the two types of information include speculations as sorting out gadgets (Barrett, Abdi, Murphy, and Gallagher, 1993; Keil, 1991; Medin, 1989; Wisniew ski and Medin, 1994).Children's and grown-ups' hypotheses about causal relations experience correction as new proof is experienced. Thus, information procurement procedures include the assessment of proof and inductive causal derivation. Late hypotheses of inductive causal deduction in grown-ups (Cheng and Novick, 1990, 1992) are reliable with prior records (Alloy and Tabachnik, 1984; Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett, and Thagard, 1986) in ascribing unmistakable jobs both to earlier desire (or hypothesis) and to proof of covariation (of the significant components) in encouraging surmisings of causality.It is hard to clarify straightforward idea arrangement (Keil, 1991) however even essential molding marvels in creatures without summoning a build that includes desire (Holyoak, Koh, and Nisbett, 1989). An origination of inductive derivation as including a coordination of hypothesis and proof (Kuhn, 1989) appears differently in relation to prior ways to deal with the improvement of inductive surmising systems for instance, the Piagetian research on formal activities wherein such methodologies were viewed as to a great extent area autonomous and in this manner similarly relevant to any substance independent of earlier information or expectation.In observational investigations of grown-ups' multivariable inductive causal deduction, subjects ordinarily are given a lot of various cases in which at least one potential causes does or doesn't happen and a

Homebase Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Homebase - Coursework Example The reasonable scorecard instrument is clarified before planning the scorecard for the case organization. Additionally the utilization of the reasonable scorecard in the presentation assessment and observing of the cutting edge organizations are talked about. Both the reasonable scorecard results and the planned procedure map are disclosed and dissected to give appropriate proposals to the Board of Directors of Homebase for choosing the future vital course of the organization. The proposals are given with the point of supporting the administration of Homebase to take reasonable corporate and business choices and devise the fitting techniques for the accomplishment of the business objectives and destinations and for actualizing the figured procedures in the most proficient and worth including way. Homebaseâ is a home improvement retail organization situated in the United Kingdom. The organization works in the fragment of home improvement and nursery focus and is an auxiliary of the well known Home Retail Group. Homebase works with 323 outlets across various areas in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. The organization is an exceptionally effective retailer in the United Kingdom which has recorded a benefit of GBP 18.9 million in the money related year 2013-2014. Likewise, the incomes for the organization were recorded to have an estimation of GBP 1.46 billion in the budgetary year of 2013-2014 according to the yearly report distributed by the organization. The vision of the organization is to give the client bunches in the nation with a wide scope of home improvement items and administrations inside a separated situation. The organization means to give both comfort and incentive to its clients through its tasks (Crawford, 2008). Homebase utilizes various methodologies in its operational, budgetary, human asset the board and different business capacities to create consistency in its administration arrangement and for making competiveness and accomplishment in the dynamic business condition in which it capacities. The

The Greek Tragedy Antigone free essay sample

Antigone versus Ismene In the Greek catastrophe Antigone, the writer Sophocles built up his characters with firmly differentiating characters. The sisters Antigone and Ismene are foils to one another, in that they are characters with totally different characters. Antigone is solid, obstinate, and supports what she puts stock in, while Ismene is frail, respectful to the law, and inactive. All through the play, Antigone and Ismene show their contradicting convictions and characters. When presented in the preamble, the contention of Polyneices internment uncovers the distinction between Antigones qualities and Ismenes weaknesses.The preface additionally recognizes their differentiating esteems concerning the laws of the divine beings and the laws of people. Creons law prohibiting the entombment of her sibling reveals Antigones brave, amazing qualities, and furthermore exposes her solid faith in the laws of the divine beings. Subsequent to knowing about the law, Antigone discloses to her sister â€Å"Ismene, I will cover him. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Greek Tragedy Antigone or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Will you come? /†¦ Creon isn't sufficiently able to remain in my way†. (Introduction 31-35). Antigone is very much aware of the discipline for opposing Creon’s law, yet is as yet ready to endure the consequences.She accepts that divine law overwhelms human law, and isn't reluctant to communicate her assessment. Another scene of the play wherein Antigone shows her solid and courageous character is Scene 2. After the Sentry drives Antigone to Creon, he asks â€Å"Had you heard my announcement contacting this issue? †(Scene II 54). Antigone snidely reacts by saying â€Å"It was open. Would I be able to help hearing it? † (Scene II 55). The manner of speaking Antigone utilizes in this scene proposes that she isn't scared by Creon. Antigone’s boldness triumphs for defying the king’s law, yet in addition for addressing him in the way she did.Antigone Unlike her sister, Ismene lets her sexual orientation and dread of discipline impede her, making her be powerless and dutiful to the law. At the point when Antigone asks Ismene to help cover their sibling, she promptly reacts: â€Å"Bury him! You have recently said the new law disallows it. /†¦ But think about the risk! Consider what Creon will do! † (Prologue 32-34). Ismene doesn't set out consider conflicting with Creon’s law, which shows that she is feeble. Ismene’s reaction to Antigone shows that she knows her place on the planet as a lady, and realizes that she ought not communicate her considerations.

Using Walking Meditation for Stress Relief

Using Walking Meditation for Stress Relief Meditation Print Use Walking Meditation for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living David Epperson/ Getty Images Meditation is one of the great stress management techniques because it carries many varied benefits. It can help people create mental and emotional space between them and their stressors, allowing them to gain perspective and get their bearings before tackling the stressful situations at hand.  It can also enable people to relax their mind and body to reverse their stress response. In the long term, the benefits are multiplied because meditation practice can lead to greater resilience to future stress.   That said, more than a few people have found the practice of meditation to be challenging at first, and this leads to some people giving up on the practice before they really get started with it because they find it either difficult to connect with it, counterintuitive for their busy mind, or challenging to stick with. Walking meditation provides the benefits of meditation combined with the benefits of exercise, and has the bonus benefit of being easy to learn and practice, thereby making walking meditation a great technique for those new to meditation. If the meditation part feels challenging, you can move in and out of using it as a meditation technique over the course of a walk, working your way up to stay in a meditative state for longer and longer periods of time.  Either way, the stress management benefits can come from a good walk. Heres how walking meditation works. How to Do a Walking Meditation Get into comfortable clothing and shoes, and set aside some uninterrupted free time. You can set a timer on your watch if youd like.Begin walking at a comfortable pace. Really focus on the sensations that you feel in your body as you walk. Your walk can be at any pace, as long as it feels comfortable. Many people prefer a slow pace to really savor each physical sensation involved, but a fast-paced walk can become immersive as well.  Theres no wrong way to do it.  As you walk, feel the weight of your body on the bottom of your feet. Feel your arms swinging with each stride. If you find thoughts coming into your mind, gently let them go and redirect your focus to the sensations youre feeling as you walk. Stay focused on now.You can also focus on your breathing as you walk. Try to breathe in for two steps, and out for two or three, for example. Focus on keeping your breathing and your steps coordinated. Or use mantra meditation techniques by repeating a mantra in your head as you walk, in time with your steps â€" for example, every four steps.  If you find it difficult to focus on your breathing and become lost in thought, this is okay; simply redirect your attention back to your breathing, as you would with any meditation.  If this feels frustrating or challenging, you can work your way into meditation by listening to music, particular music with no lyrics.  This can help you to practice focusing on whats happening at the moment.Again, if thoughts about work, money, that fight you had this morning, or other stressors creep into your head, give yourself a pat on the back for noticing, and gently redirect your attention to now, to your walking meditation practice. Its optimal to do this for 30 minutes, several times per week, but if you only have 10 minutes, or even 5, thats better than no practice at all. Walking meditation can be useful even in small doses. Tips Experiment! Try different paces, different mantras, different styles of breathing, and see what works best for you.    Commit more to the practice than to the amount of time you spend. For example, its more important to focus on doing your walking meditation a certain number of times per week than a certain amount of minutes per time. Once its a habit, you can always work your way into longer sessions.You may also want to use music as a focal point. Just be careful not to get sucked into thinking about the meaning of the lyrics, or technically, youre no longer meditating. (However, listening to music and exercising bring stress management benefits, too!)

Using Walking Meditation for Stress Relief

Using Walking Meditation for Stress Relief Meditation Print Use Walking Meditation for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living David Epperson/ Getty Images Meditation is one of the great stress management techniques because it carries many varied benefits. It can help people create mental and emotional space between them and their stressors, allowing them to gain perspective and get their bearings before tackling the stressful situations at hand.  It can also enable people to relax their mind and body to reverse their stress response. In the long term, the benefits are multiplied because meditation practice can lead to greater resilience to future stress.   That said, more than a few people have found the practice of meditation to be challenging at first, and this leads to some people giving up on the practice before they really get started with it because they find it either difficult to connect with it, counterintuitive for their busy mind, or challenging to stick with. Walking meditation provides the benefits of meditation combined with the benefits of exercise, and has the bonus benefit of being easy to learn and practice, thereby making walking meditation a great technique for those new to meditation. If the meditation part feels challenging, you can move in and out of using it as a meditation technique over the course of a walk, working your way up to stay in a meditative state for longer and longer periods of time.  Either way, the stress management benefits can come from a good walk. Heres how walking meditation works. How to Do a Walking Meditation Get into comfortable clothing and shoes, and set aside some uninterrupted free time. You can set a timer on your watch if youd like.Begin walking at a comfortable pace. Really focus on the sensations that you feel in your body as you walk. Your walk can be at any pace, as long as it feels comfortable. Many people prefer a slow pace to really savor each physical sensation involved, but a fast-paced walk can become immersive as well.  Theres no wrong way to do it.  As you walk, feel the weight of your body on the bottom of your feet. Feel your arms swinging with each stride. If you find thoughts coming into your mind, gently let them go and redirect your focus to the sensations youre feeling as you walk. Stay focused on now.You can also focus on your breathing as you walk. Try to breathe in for two steps, and out for two or three, for example. Focus on keeping your breathing and your steps coordinated. Or use mantra meditation techniques by repeating a mantra in your head as you walk, in time with your steps â€" for example, every four steps.  If you find it difficult to focus on your breathing and become lost in thought, this is okay; simply redirect your attention back to your breathing, as you would with any meditation.  If this feels frustrating or challenging, you can work your way into meditation by listening to music, particular music with no lyrics.  This can help you to practice focusing on whats happening at the moment.Again, if thoughts about work, money, that fight you had this morning, or other stressors creep into your head, give yourself a pat on the back for noticing, and gently redirect your attention to now, to your walking meditation practice. Its optimal to do this for 30 minutes, several times per week, but if you only have 10 minutes, or even 5, thats better than no practice at all. Walking meditation can be useful even in small doses. Tips Experiment! Try different paces, different mantras, different styles of breathing, and see what works best for you.    Commit more to the practice than to the amount of time you spend. For example, its more important to focus on doing your walking meditation a certain number of times per week than a certain amount of minutes per time. Once its a habit, you can always work your way into longer sessions.You may also want to use music as a focal point. Just be careful not to get sucked into thinking about the meaning of the lyrics, or technically, youre no longer meditating. (However, listening to music and exercising bring stress management benefits, too!)

Management of quality - Free Essay Example

Introduction The success of organisations relies heavily on the management of quality (Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003 or 2006) NEED TO CHECK BEFORE PUTTING IN!! Managing customer care and service quality are fundamental for the achievement of any organisation (Ko and Pastore, 2004). Service suppliers that deliver a high level of service quality and customer care are more likely to achieve higher levels of customer satisfaction (Saravanan and Rao, 2007). As a result satisfied customers will be more encouraged to re-use the services; this will usually impact on the financial success of the organisation (Howat, et al., 1999). General principles of quality The fundamentals of the word quality presented in the work of Deming in the late 1980s create a basis for further study into the area. As a result, a number of definitions of quality have been proposed by researchers. Mills, (1992, p.2) stated that quality was the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy or implied needs. Further research into quality has indicated that a more useful definition has been defined as meeting the agreed requirements of the customer (Kelly, 2004, p.33). Both definitions of quality are connected to both goods and services with emphasis on the features of the product or alternatively focus on the customers needs and expectations (Chang and Chelladurai, 2000). Goods are defined as tangible; these are physical products that offer benefits to consumers, in contrast services are defined as intangible, and represent non-physical products (Shank, 2009, p.16). Services have five main characteristics that are unique to service markets; these are intangibility; perishability; inseparability; heterogeneity and lack of ownership (Kotler, 2005). Heterogeneity indicates that each service experience is likely to be different as factors such as the time and location change, also the interaction phase with customers differs (Kotler, 2005). To reduce the impact of heterogeneity, management must focus on the operating systems, procedures and staff training in order to ensure consistency (Brassington and Pettitt, 2007, p.465). Furthermore, the quality of staff is becoming increasingly essential in the public service industry, with managers indicating their expectations of staff in terms of their attitudes and competencies when delivering the service to cust omers (Swarbrooke, 2002; Brassington and Pettitt, 2007) Managing the quality of goods and services primarily involves benchmarking, this is the measurement of an aspect of an organisations performance against an internal or external target (Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p.256). Two other key terms associated with quality include quality assurance and quality control, Mills, (1992, p.3) states quality assurance provides adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements of quality. In contrast (Dale, 2000) suggests that quality control aims to achieve and monitor service quality, by identifying and addressing quality problems. Researchers have recognised that there are several issues with the conceptualization and measurement of quality in relation to sport services, for example (Tsitskari, et al., 2006) suggests that there is a degree of uncertainty and disagreement regarding parts of the criteria including the conceptual model of quality. Previous literature (such as Ko and Pastore, 2004; Tsitskari, et al., 2006) have focused on the concept of service quality and acknowledged that there are several definitions of service quality. However (Parasuraman, et al., 1988, p.2) defined service quality as an appropriate approach for assessing the quality of a firms service is to measure consumers perceptions of quality. In other words service quality is the comparison of consumer expectations with the actual service performance (Parasuraman, et al., 1988). The concept of service quality is based upon the customers perception of the characteristics and delivery of services (Ko and Pastore, 2004). Further research by Zeithaml and Bitner, (2006) suggests that the concept of service quality is a significant issue, as service quality perceptions are related to customer satisfaction and customer retention. Other researchers such as (Kim and Kim, 1995) have had varied perceptions on the measurement of service quality. However the main use of measuring service quality has been through the instrument, SERVQUAL, a 22 item scale founded by Parasuraman, et al., (1988). Recent research by (Tsitskari, et al., 2006) indicates that the majority of researchers accept that the 22 items in SERVQUAL are sufficient indictors for the overall measurement of service quality. However a study by Murray and Howat (2002) demonstrates that there is a lack of agreement on the exact nature of service quality dimensions. For example, (Parasuraman, et al., 1988) formed five dimensions of service quality: responsiveness, assurance, tangibles, empathy and reliability, through using the SERVQUAL scale, mainly focusing on the human aspects of service delivery. However (Chang and Chelladurai, 2000) suggest the variability in dimensional structure can be modified and tailored for specific industries. For example, Howat, et al., (1999), used only three dimensions for 17 service quality attributes in their study of 30 Australian sports and leisure centres. The three dimensions used in the study were (a) core service, which included a range of activities with programme information, (b) personnel service, which included the quality, knowledge and responsiveness of staff, (c) peripheral service including secondary services including services for food and drink. The observations suggest that a comprehensive conceptual model needs to be developed for a better understanding of the nature and meaning of service qual ity (Ko and Pastore, 2004). Robinson, (2004) identified three frameworks for managing quality, these are: total quality management (TQM), the EFQM Excellence Model and Quest, as all these frameworks emphasise performance management and continuous improvement. Firstly TQM is a framework for quality management and is a process from top to bottom, bottom to top, which involves every person in an organisation, in order to ensure customer satisfaction at every stage (Torkildsen, 2005, p.382). The three main principles of TQM are customer focus, continuous improvement and teamwork (De Knop, et al., 2004). The EFQM Excellence Model is the most widely used organisational framework in Europe while becoming increasingly popular in the sport industry as it created the basis for QUEST (Robinson, 2004). The key principles of the model include results orientation; customer focus; leadership and constancy of purpose; management by processes and facts; people development and involvement; continuous learning; innovation and improvement; partnership development; and corporate social responsibility (Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p.257). Quest is a sport and leisure specific quality framework, and is a tool for continuous improvement; Quest also defines industry standards and good practice and encourages high quality delivery to customers. (Quest, 2009) Two models are associated with Quest, one model focuses on the management of leisure facilities and the other focuses on sport development, (Quest, 2009). Quest is funded by a wide range of organisations with the majority of the support coming from the four home country Sports Councils (Torkildsen, 2005). The Quest scheme for facility management identifies four essential sections; these include facilities operation, customer relations, staffing and service development and improvement, all of which are examples of best practice in the leisure industry (Wood, 1997). Organisations have recognised the importance of the quality programme of ISO 9002. This quality programme ensures that the operations of the service are displayed through a consistent approach, recognising that customers can expect the service to be similar from day to day and between service deliverers (Robinson, 2004). Literature has demonstrated that there are many challenges and issues for managing quality in the public sector industry. For instance, Doherty, et al, (2002) suggests that that external issues for concern include, increasing complaints about the declining level of quality in areas such as transport, education and health. In contrast, (Doherty, et al, 2002) also recognises internal challenges for organisations, with the current growth of internal assessments, and issues around quality and value for money. Beech and Chadwick, (2004) identify specific challenges for managers managing quality in the public sector; these primarily include recognising and acknowledging their main customer groups and then managing these customers experiences by improving the service delivery through performance measures. However, managers who dont prioritise their customer groups will run the risk of delivering services that do not meet any expectations of quality (Robinson, 2004, p.141). Additionally it is important for managers in the sport industry to understand and identify participation motives and customers problems because this determines not only the level of service quality, but also the level of customer satisfaction (Ko and Pastore, 2004, p.162). An earlier study by Schvaneveldt, et al., (1991) indicated that three key factors affected the delivery of service quality in sport organisations. The three factors were associated to the core service, the physical context and most importantly the interpersonal interactions in the performance of the service. These observations have major implications on customer care as the quality of the encounter is an essential element in the overall impression of the quality of service experienced by the customer (Dale, 2000). In addition, Swarbrooke, (2002) suggested that observing quality in public services primarily focused on issues such as the cost of the service and perception on value for money from the service. There are a number of issues and challenges associated to managing quality in the public sport sector. For example MacVicar and Ogden, (2001) suggests that managers in the public sport sector are more inclined to use peripheral workers due to the competitive environment and budget pressures. Peripheral workers are primarily on non-standard contracts and carry out services and duties that are delivered to customers. The challenge managers face is that they have to develop strategies to motivate an insecure, low commitment workforce to ensure good customer care is provided. (MacVicar and Ogden, 2001, p.129) Another issue in managing quality in the public sport sector industry is that expectations are either so unrealistic that it is not possible to deliver services of such a high standard, or it is financially very costly to do so, given the levels of resource constraint (Robinson, 2004, p.178). Recent research by (Alexandris, 2008) demonstrated the importance of identifying performance indicators in order to test the success of the managers strategies, and goals and reflect on the quality delivered to customers. Research by (Lentell, 2000, p.2) has indicated that customer satisfaction in sport services can be affected by factors such as the robustness of the bookings system, the promptness of the service delivery, and the way customers are treated by staff, or by the cleanliness of the service outlet. However recent research by (Tsuji, et al., 2007) suggests that managers should continuously develop and adopt procedures to understand, evaluate, and improve on the quality of services provided to their consumers in-order to improve customer care. The current state of golf, is that it is a $60 billion industry, with 30,730 courses worldwide and over 57 million golfers.(Golf Research Group, 2009 ) The Royal Ancient (RA) is golfs governing body, it operates with 136 organisations from the amateur and professional game and on behalf of over thirty million golfers in 123 countries (R A, 2009). The R A identify that the implementation of best practice throughout a golf club can be demonstrated firstly through ensuring that the management structure is capable of setting policy objectives which maintain and improve the quality of the golfing facility (R A, 2009). In addition the RA, recognise the importance of monitoring and reviewing the policy objectives as well as focusing on the efficient and effectiveness of service delivery to customers (RA, 2009) The governing body of male amateur golf in England is the English Golf Union, looking after the interests of over 1,800 golf clubs and 740,000 club members (English Golf Union, 2009). The governing body specifically addresses the management of quality at golf clubs in England. Providing assistance and support, in specific areas such as club adminstration, golf course management, as well as assisting staff in the day-to-day operations of the golf club and course (English Golf Union, 2009). The majority of research on the management of quality in golf has come from the US golf industry. For example a US golf study on managing perceived quality has indicated that golf club managers that modify the price of green fees depending on the time of day, time of booking or condition of play may impact customer satisfaction (Kimes and Wirtz, 2003). A further American study investigated how golfers choose a golf course. The findings indicate that American golfers are most influenced by the cost of green fees, followed by the quality of course conditions, availability of tee times, and lastly the location of golf course (Richard and Fairclough, 1994). However recent research by (Won, et al., 2009) suggests that committed golfers care more about the core elements such as the quality of course conditions rather than the cost of green fees. The research suggests that golf club managers that are providing a quality service primarily need to improve the core elements such as course main tenance as well as operating the golf facility (Won, et al., 2009). Other research surrounding the management of quality in golf has come from Korea, and Australia. For example a Korean study based on service quality and customer satisfaction suggested that managers of private golf clubs that focus on providing and improving service quality to customers can impact the profitability of golf clubs (Kim and Lough, 2007). Furthermore a study from the Australian golf industry identified twenty one service attributes. These attributes measured the perceptions of the golf facilities performance against the golfers expectations of the facility. The study specifically researched into areas such as the appearance of the facilities, course quality, staff responsiveness, customer behaviour, etiquette and value for money (Crilley, et al, 2002, p.374) Further research into issues in managing quality in the context of golf, has reflected that an increasing number of American golf courses are being built annually, while the number of golfers in America remains stagnant (Petrick, et al., 2001). As a result it is important that golf club managers identify the factors which attract and retain golfers. The findings also recognise that by understanding golfers experiences, this will enhance the facility operations, leading to a higher quality of service delivery (Petrick, et al., 2001). According to a report by the golf research group, (2002) based on UK golf courses this found that since the beginning of 1990, 603 new golf facilities have been built. This increase was initiated by the report called The Demand for Golf created by the RA. However from 2000, the growth of new golf facilities has been limited and only 10 new golf facilities were opened from 2000 to 2002, due to financial constraints and the lack of demand in the golf industry. (Golf Research Report, year) The current recession has affected the golf industry, according to a report from the English Golf Union they have found that memberships are declining in many golf clubs in the UK. Also the majority of golf clubs in the UK are not implementing joining fees in-order to attract new golfers (Mintel, 2009). In the UK, in 2008 there were 1.225 million members of golf clubs, and there are 2,630 golf courses, 72% of these golf courses are located in England (Mintel, 2009). According to a study by Mort and Collins (2001) they highlighted that 11% of golf courses totalling 210 in England, are classified as municipal golf courses, and stated that the objective of municipal golf courses is to maintain low green fees and attract the local population. Mowsbury Golf Club in Bedfordshire is a municipal golf course and is run by the local authority. According to a report by the Golf Research Group, (year) on municipal golf courses in 2002, there has been a substantial decrease in the number of rounds played per year especially between the years of 1995-2001. For example in 1995 around 45,000 rounds were played, however by 2001 only 35,000 rounds were played on the municipal courses, reflecting a huge decrease of 10,000 rounds played. Over the 6 year period this was a 23% reduction in UK municipal rounds in the UK. (Golf Research Report, year) Literature has acknowledged that there are a limited number of UK studies that have focused on service quality and customer care at golf clubs. However one study focused on the management of quality at municipal golf courses and highlighted Best Value. Stevens and Green, (2002) indicate that Best Value primarily focuses on local authorities, ensuring that the quality and cost of services meet the needs of the local population, and that the efficiency and quality of services continually improve. The study indicated that the introduction of Best Value has contributed to an improvement in the operations of municipal golf courses, primarily through the process of benchmarking with the objective of improving service quality (Mort and Collins, 2001). The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of service quality and customer care as perceived by members and non-members at Mowsbury Golf Club, Bedfordshire. The rationale for the study recognises that previous research reflects that are a limited number of UK studies on the customer care and service quality at golf clubs. Also previous researchers such as (Tsitskari, et al., 2006) have reflected the importance of service quality to the mission of sport and emphasises that further research towards service quality should be a primary concern. References https://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=394687/display/id=448545?select_section=448543

Analysis of Gwendolyn Brooks Poetry - 1742 Words

Gwendolyn Brooks Gwendolyn Brooks poetry as brilliant as it is and as widely heralded as it has become over the past eighty years or so cannot be generalized or stereotyped as simply the work of an African American poet per se, with all the implications that particular ethnic description brings to mind. Indeed, Brooks work offers a diversity of interests, genres, themes, and social situations. In this paper Brooks poems The Lovers of the Poor (a satirical poem that has elements of parody) and The Explorer (an irregularly created poem about isolation and the need for safety from social confusion and alienation) will be critiqued in depth. Thesis: Although many of her well-known poems present images of racism and many are correctly considered protests against injustice vis-ÃÆ' -vis African Americans, it is perhaps not as well known or understood that Gwendolyn Brooks poems also embrace biting satire, parody, humor, irony, and the human stigma of isolation and despair. The Lovers of the Poor One could argue that The Loves of the Poor is offensive to these suburban women who were just trying to be kind to the less fortunate in a Chicago ghetto. It could be perceived (by readers who dont look deeply enough into this poem that it viciously and unfairly attacks women from upper middle class and upper class communities in Chicago (Lake Forest and Glencoe), women who have a sense of social justice and are just trying to help the underclass and those in poverty.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks And Robert Hayden s Poetry1255 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Writing An Analysis of Gwendolyn Brooks and Robert Hayden’s Poetry Many artists are also historians, people who record first-hand experience of history, making note of important events to which many will make reference. Artist do this through music, writing, and orally through passed-down stories and legends. In the area of writing, there are many different types which display historical understanding. These categories divide into poems, prose, short stories, and long stories. The categoryRead MoreThe Culture of and Prejudice Against African Americans as Depicted in Gwendolyn Brooks Poetry and Stories1936 Words   |  8 Pagesit all. Author and renowned poet Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks discuses and describes many of the cruel and unfair treatment that African Americans have faced throughout our civilization. Brooks’ not only speaks on the racial prejudice of African Americans, but she also discusses the heartaches, the life, and the growth of African Americans as a people. Brooks’ poetry and stories are very similar to her own experien ce growing up as an African American woman. Brooks’ uses the symbol of death many timesRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of \1540 Words   |  7 PagesWithout a Hand to Hold Analysis and Interpretation of The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon Gwendolyn Brooks The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon gives an eerie look into a ministers mind. Indeed the poems premise is made clear from the opening line: It must be lonely to be God (1). The poem proceeds to note that while God is a much-revered and respected figure, he has no equal. The preachers revelation provides the reader a unique perspective into religion. Brooks points out due toRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks s The Bean Eaters 1907 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Gwendolyn Brooks is among the most distinguished African-American poets of the twentieth century. With the publication of her second volume of poetry, Annie Allen (1949), she became the first black American writer to win a Pulitzer Prize. Noted traditional forms and poignant evocation of urban black experience, Brooks emerged as a leading black literary figure during the 1950s and 1960s. her lyrical poetry addresses racial injustice, poverty, and the private struggles of young blackRead MoreThe Preacher Ruminates: Behind The Sermon (Analysis and Interpretation)1478 Words   |  6 Pagesa Hand to Hold Analysis and Interpretation of The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon Gwendolyn Brooks The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon gives an eerie look into a ministers mind. Indeed the poems premise is made clear from the opening line: It must be lonely to be God (1). The poem proceeds to note that while God is a much-revered and respected figure, he has no equal. The preachers revelation provides the reader a unique perspective into religion. Brooks points out due toRead More An Analysis of Brooks First Fight.Then Fiddle Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of Brooks First Fight.Then Fiddle  Ã‚   Gwendolyn Brooks First fight. Then Fiddle. initially seems to argue for the necessity of brutal war in order to create a space for the pursuit of beautiful art. The poem is more complex, however, because it also implies both that war cannot protect art and that art should not justify war. Yet if Brooks seems, paradoxically, to argue against art within a work of art, she does so in order create an artwork that by its very recognition of artsRead More Gwendolyn Brooks Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pages Gwendolyn Brooks- A Critical Analysis of Her Work nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gwendolyn Brooks is the female poet who has been most responsive to changes in the black community, particularly in the community’s vision of itself. The first African American to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize; she was considered one of America’s most distinguished poets well before the age of fifty. Known for her technical artistry, she has succeeded in forms as disparate as Italian terza rima and the blues. She hasRead MoreMother to Son and the Coora Flower: a Poetry Analysis1417 Words   |  6 PagesMother to Son and The Coora Flower: A Poetry Analysis In poetry, more so than any other form of literature, understanding sound, meaning and theme are key to understanding the work itself. In the case of the poems â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes and â€Å"The Coora Flower† by Gwendolyn Brooks these elements, when heavily focused upon, allow the reader to discover the message that these writers were attempting to convey. Thought both writers use these elements to their fullest to communicate their respectiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Message From Mirror, Courage, Explore, Douglas1234 Words   |  5 PagesAn analysis of 1 message from Mirror, Courage, Explore, Douglas â€Å"Live life to the fullest because you only get to live once.† Life is full of ups and downs and it will not always be perfect but if you live life great and look at it optimistically then it will be great. Life goes fast and is some moments of it you blink and the memory is gone. We need to look at life like it is great and easy. Take high school for example as you live in it, it is horrible and sucks but if you ask other people theyRead MoreYolo1583 Words   |  7 Pageslandscape of the images in the story. Draw images shown in the story. Homework Travel Tracer Quiz Individual artwork based on poems Imagery China : Ah-mah - Shirley Geok-lin Lim Pre-reading activity : Present foot-binding images of Chinese women. Poetry reading Interpretation Identify the significant human Discuss the patriarchal culture of China. Categorize the good and bad customs and traditions of China and Philippines Discussion 4 Song from Shi Ching 3 appreciation. Misogyny, Patriarchal

Synthetic vs. Conventional Motor Oil

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 85 percent of the motor oil changed at home by do-it-yourself-ers. About 9.5 million gallons a year in that state alone ends up disposed of improperly in sewers, soil, and trash. Multiply that by 50 states and it is easy to see how used motor oil might well be one of the largest sources of pollution affecting groundwater and U.S. waterways. The implications are startling indeed, as one quart of oil can create a two-acre sized oil slick, and a gallon of oil can contaminate a million gallons of fresh water. The Lesser of Two Evils Conventional motor oils are derived from petroleum, whereas synthetic oils are replicas manufactured from chemicals that are really no kinder to the environment than petroleum. Plus, those chemicals used to make synthetic oil also come from, ultimately, petroleum. As such, conventional and synthetic motor oils are about equally guilty when it comes to how much pollution they create. But Ed Newman, Marketing Manager for AMSOIL Inc., which has been producing and selling synthetics since the 1970s, believes that the synthetics are environmentally superior for the simple reason that they last about three times as long as conventional oils before they have to be drained and replaced. Additionally, Newman says that synthetics have lower volatility and, therefore, do not boil off or vaporize as quickly as petroleum motor oils. Synthetics lose from 4 percent to 10 percent of their mass in the high-heat conditions of internal combustion engines, whereas petroleum-based oils lose up to 20 percent, he says. Economically, however, synthetics are more than three times the cost of petroleum oils, and whether or not they are worth the difference is the subject of frequent, inconclusive debate among auto enthusiasts. Do Your Homework But before deciding for yourself, consult your car’s owner’s manual regarding what the manufacturer recommends for your model. You can void your car’s warranty if the manufacturer requires one type of oil and you put in another. For instance, many car manufacturers require that you use only synthetic motor oil for their higher-end models. These cars can now go up to 10,000 miles between oil changes. Natural Alternatives While synthetics seem to be the lesser of two evils for now, some promising new alternatives derived from vegetable products are coming of age. A pilot project at Purdue University, for example, has produced motor oil from canola crops that outperforms both traditional and synthetic oils with regard to both performance and production price, not to mention greatly lessened environmental impact. Despite the benefits, though, mass production of such bio-based oils would probably not be feasible, as it would require setting aside large amounts of agricultural land that could otherwise be used for food crops. But such oils may have a place as niche players as the worldwide market for petroleum products diversifies due to dwindling reserves and related geopolitical tensions. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on ThoughtCo  by permission of the editors of E. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

The Age of Elderlyin Iran is Changing - 1826 Words

Background: The population ageing phenomenon has started in many of developing countries like Iran. Most developed countries have accepted the age of â€Å"65† years as a definition of â€Å"elderly†, but some developing countries like Iran consider the age of â€Å"60†. We aimed to compare the physical and mental health of people who aged 60-64 years with those who aged 65-69 years in order to determine if the definition of elderly in our country is true. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April to September 2011, in the west in Iran. Participants in this study are those who referred to the elderly care centers. With random sampling, 2 from 3 centers and with convenience sampling 302 peoples aged 60-69 years were selected. All participants were interviewed via face to face or with telephone using standard questionnaires including Kessler (K6) scale, psychological wellbeing scale, activities of daily living scale and sf-36 scale. The statistical differences were assessed by Pearson’s chi-square at 5% level of significance. Results: Statistical comparisons have shown that there is a significant difference among two age groups under study regarding to psychological distress scale, psychological wellbeing scale and activity of daily living scale. No meaningful difference was seen concern with physical functioning (SF-36) scale between two groups. Conclusion: Our finding proposed that age of 60 possibly is better for onset of delivering elderly care services. Other

The Effects Of Psychological Safety On Employee Creativity

However, studies on this relationship are neglected. Thus, more studies to confirm that relationship is needed. Furthermore, several previous studies propose that psychological safety is related to employee creativity (Gong et al., 2009; Hirak et al., 2012; Kark Carmeli, 2009; Oldham Cummings, 1996). For example, Oldham and Cummings (1996) employe personal characteristics such as confident as an antecedent of employee creativity. Slightly different, Scott and Bruce (1994) disclose that innovative behaviour of an employee is affected by the employee psychological conditions such as environment support which makes the employee feel safe. Thus, when an employee feels safe, he/she can do his/her work creatively because he/she feels comfortable and can develop innovative way in doing his/her job. In addition, Amabile et al. (1996) reveal that employee creativity depends on individual aspects such as workload pressure and the freedom of employee. Hence, we argue that individual or inner- psychological safety which comes from individual aspects has an impact on employee creativity. In other words, to increase an employee creativity, he/she should be safe psychologically. However, to the best of our knowledge, the number of studies which emphasise the relationship between psychological safety in individual context and creativity is very limited. Hence, from the above discussion, we predict two hypotheses as follows: H3a. Inner-psychological safety relates to team psychologicalShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1413 Words   |  6 Pagesone would have to hire employees who perform well and product and or quality is of the same caliber. The key to an employee performance is motivation. The expression, you can lead a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink water, can be seen within the human race. The purpose of this paper is to discuss motivation in the workplace. To have a successful company, employee must be motivated enough to work and get the job done. One way have success in the workplace is to define the moraleRead MoreEmployee View Leadership Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment For this task, imagine that you have been asked to write an article in the (fictional) Internet business newsletter called Business Tips, on how to increase creativity and problem solving in teams. Write a brief article suitable for publication in the newsletter, including bullet points to summarize topics, anecdotes where necessary, and graphics to illustrate your points when appropriate. Support your article with at least two research articles published in peer-reviewed journals inRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management : Cirque Du Soleil1743 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience with creativity and enthusiasm, thus raising the bars of the circus industry and creating opportunities for mutual growth and expansion. Issue Statement: In the case study of Cirque Du Soleil, despite of organisation growing aggressively and investment being made on the employees yet there were several problems related to the employees. In order to achieve it’s vision, there are certain barriers which are regarding the handling of the large talent pool of artists, health and safety of the artistsRead MoreEmployee Motivation Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesevery other week or every other day. The management in Steelcase Co. is very pleased with the results of this method and believes it fulfills the needs of the employee and the employer. Steelcase Co. and Corning Co. are always seeking new ways of bringing out the best of their workers. One manager states â€Å"They are allowed to use their creativity, they are allowed to be innovative, and their work and innovation goes to the bottom line and helps make the business more competitive.† Downsizing –accordingRead MoreDeveloping A Type Of Training Program Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesreduction of musculoskeletal work related disorders and its psychological consequences. Program objectives include reducing employee injury and costs, improving employee engagement, reducing patient injury and costs, improving patient satisfaction by coordinating care, and improved patient outcomes. The â€Å"Safe Patient Mobility Program† which includes strategies intended to safely transfer patients improving their care and safety, and reduce employee injuries by reducing the need for lifting patients willRead MoreWhy Job Design Is An Effective Mechanism For Providing Employees Voice1713 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizations. Besides affecting employee behavior and satisfaction, the way a job is designed also impacts performance and thus overall well-being of the organization. Being an essential link between employees and organization, job design could possibly be an effe ctive mechanism to provide employees voice. Employee voice is â€Å"the participation of employees in influencing organizational decision-making† (Davis, E.M, Lansbury, R.D, 1996). Employee participation consists of employee engagement and empowermentRead MoreManagement Of Power By Saint Louis Medical Center993 Words   |  4 Pagesleaders motivate their staff by appealing to moral values that stem from the organization’s vision statement (Doody Doody, 2012). These types of leaders create a work environment in which the staff feels safe to take certain risks that promote creativity and innovation (Doody Doody, 2012). They encourage communication, teamwork, and professional collaboration to help staff deal with healthcare’s rapid changes (Tinkham, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to describe my management of power throughRead MoreWhy Is Motivation Important For An Organization?1469 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Grensing-Pophal (2002), motivation is giving employees a reason to perform something. Motivated employees are more likely to miss less work, perform at a higher level, and be more likely to stay at their current company. All of these effects will result in a more successful business. The first set of theories I am going to discuss is need theories. According to Jones and George (2011), need theories of motivation center around the idea that employees are motivated to perform at workRead MoreThe Problem Of Employees Everyday Stress At Work1441 Words   |  6 Pagesproductivity and quality level in an organisation. Matin, Razavi Emamgholizadeh (2014) even emphasised that stress in organisations is one of the many influential factors that decreases the productivity level of a workforce by a huge amount. An employee who is affected by stress does not have the capability to actually think and perform effectively. As a result, productivity level declines since employees produce a very low quality outcome of performance. This essay will then guide you to threeRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace On Health And Wellbeing Of Their Employees1508 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees. Workplace bullying includes verbal, physical, psychological or social abuse by an employer or colleague at work. Rousseau et al (2015, p.287) define workplace bullying as ‘repeated occurrences of negative acts over a sustained duration’ in which victims are unable to defend themselves. Furthermore, Randall (cited in Olive and Cangemi, 2015, p.20) defines workplace bullying as ‘aggressive behaviours that are intended to inflict psychological angst or even physical harm’. Although there are numerous

The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished - 1403 Words

It’s been said that looks could be deceiving. For Ronald Cotton, this was definitely the case when he was accused of a crime that he did not commit but really it was Bobby Poole who was an exact image of him; he had to spend 11 years of his life in prison before getting his life back. (Weinberg 358-359). Flaws such as this in our justice system are a reason why abolishing the death penalty is still a controversial debate. The legal system is there to defend the cries of the innocent, yet it cannot seem to determine who the innocents are. Until the voice of its people can be defended, the death penalty should be abolished. It is administering its punishments hoping they have the right perpetrator. It’s basically a guessing game and that should not be the case when it comes to who will end up getting deprived of their life. The death penalty is a racially biased system that is sometimes unfairly administered to innocent people not guilty of a crime and also leaving the fa mily of defendants with a burden of a shameful and isolating image. The death penalty dates back to when America was granted its independence from England. Although it was not as controversial as it is now, the death penalty was already enacted into our justice system from the onset of our nation. Throughout the years, the anti- death penalty movement has been fighting to abolish the death penalty in the United States. Initially, abolitionists of capital punishment were arguing that the death penalty wasShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1192 Words   |  5 PagesNo Death Penalty Capital crime is something that is meant for people that are found guilty of committing a serious crime, such as murder, rape, or theft. These are offences that should not be taken lightly but by killing the offender, the government is carrying about the action that they are trying to prevent. Also, the wrong person may be sentenced to death. After this person is executed, there is obviously nothing that can be done for the terrible mistake to be reversed. The death penalty shouldRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?. The Death Penalty982 Words   |  4 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty is a â€Å"term that applies to capital punishment and is the worst penalty given for committing a murder or an atrocious assault.† (Black s Law Dictionary). Death penalty has been a part of human society and is legally approved for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. Death sentencesRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1925 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract This paper explores five published articles that report on discussion on the very old and yet to answer question of whether the death penalty in the USA should be abolished? The articles, however, vary in their stand on death penalty. In all article it is very different on publisher stand. They discuss thing argument with their own way and vision of thinking. Adina Nicoleta (2011) has raised question for fair trial on the proceeding of the criminal cases. In other article Maestro MarcelloRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1534 Words   |  7 PagesIntro The death penalty gives humans in our legal system rights to decide who deserves to live, a power only God should possess. Capital Punishment takes away our rights as equals. From its origins, the death penalty has been an inhumane, costly, ineffective, and biased form of punishment that needs to be abolished granting everyone their right to live. History of the Death Penalty Down through history, the death penalty has been adapted to be justifiable in the eyes of the people. By alteringRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1523 Words   |  7 Pagescriminals has been performed by nearly every society to date. The death penalty came to the Americas when European settlers brought the idea of capitol punishment from Britain. The ideology behind taking someone’s life for crimes they have committed is a simple one. If a person commits a hennas crime such as murder or rape, they shall receive the death penalty. In more recent times we now see many countries abolishing the death penalty. The trend suggests that the capitol punishment policies still implementedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1306 Words   |  6 Pageschanged since the 17th century, so why not the age old penalty of death? Capital punishment in the United States is a highly debated topic. Arguments that want to get rid of this method of punishment usually mention th e many problems that capital punishment is plagued with. The death penalty has many issues that cannot be resolved, and since these issues can’t be solved, the death penalty should be abolished. â€Å"The irrevocable nature of the death penalty renders it an unsustainable and indefensible remedyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty is a very controversial topic in the United States. It is implemented for the purpose of providing safety to the community and bringing justice to victims and their families. The death penalty is legal in thirty-one states (â€Å"31 States†), and there are over forty different types of federal capital crimes that are eligible for the death penalty. These include crimes such as treason and kidnapping that results in murder (â€Å"41 Federal†). However, many argue whether the death penalty isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished968 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year, thousands of lives are legally taken under the death penalty. Why should we take more lives than the ones that have already been taken? The death penalty is the punishment of execution, carried out legally against an individual convicted of a capital crime. Its proponents argue that the death penalty deters other criminals who may intend to commit similar crimes in the future. However, there is little statistical evidence to support this claim. Also, execution eliminates the criminalRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1350 Words   |  6 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty, also known as capital punishment is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been used by many states, and is normally used for serious crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity, espionage, and violent crimes while other states use it as part of military justice. There are mixed reactions on capital punishmentRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1443 Words   |  6 Pages 6 Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished in the United States? Adalynne Francis CRJU 1000 Dr. Huss November 14, 14 Should capital punishment/ death penalty be abolished in the United States? Many feel that the death penalty is immoral and question whether the state and federal government deserve the right to kill those whom it has imprisoned. On the other hand, those opposed feel that by not acting upon the death penalty communities would plunge in anarchy and that by

Rock Music and Outstanding Rock Bands Essay Example For Students

Rock Music and Outstanding Rock Bands Essay It was truly a sensory overloading festival and nearly drove me crazy. My body shook as if they stood on the middle of the big earthquake because of the monstrous excitement that held me. Also, the quality of sound was so extremely magnificent that I could feel every step of guitarists fingering with superb performances. And every time drummer hit the drum, my heartbeat followed that rhythm. So, I was afraid that if my heart Jumped out of my chest. It even made my teeth chatter. The whole space seemed to be Jammed of thrilling atmosphere and moved with the beat of each song. The passion of people was enormous. They frantically rocked and danced to the rhythm of the rock song, so I had to actually become one with the people around me. The crowd didnt allow any personal space. We were all closely packed in there like Handed Beach during the peak of summer. The first artist of the concert is Basso. He is an Indies rapper in Korea. At first, I didnt know about him much so my reaction was passive. But, as the song began, I was captured by his unique music style and fantastic lyrics. Then, my reaction turned to be enthusiastic. Especially, I was fall in love with the song, Hero. This song was absolutely a masterpiece. All the strong beats, powerful rapping, and supremely confident lyrics Everything was perfect. After the performances over, I couldnt utter a word, even a sigh, because I overwhelmed by the magnificence of Bassos music style.. Then, band Teardrop came upon the second stage. As soon as stepped onto stage, they played their song, Die To Live Right away without any comment. So I was embarrassed at first, but soon I was easily immersed in their ardent performances. I was so excited that I ran, Jumped high, and rocked my body harshly. It was literally made me almost dead because It was too hard for me. After the performances, they said that the reason they played their music right away was to make the audience concentrate on music. And I did as they intended. So I thought they succeeded what they want to do. On third stage, the band who was well known for their frantic music and performances, Galaxy Express showed up. Even before the music started, all audiences were shouted their name and made a noise with great expectations of crazy performances. And, as soon as their representative song Oh yeah! Was played, all audiences raved like a madman and screamed as if they had seen a monster. The concert hall almost seemed to collapse because of the heavy weight of frantic and lunatic atmosphere. And finally, my favorite Indies band came. The last band was Dibble. When the first song Abandoned was played, I couldnt take my eyes off the stage. The Fantastic performances and plenty of lighting technicians kept my eyes filled with colorful enders as the music played on. The stage was a cons tant flurry of excitement. This was generally caused by the two great guitarists, Sunshiny and Rock. Add to this, As befitted to their band name Dibble, they showed completely good harmony and superlative performances. It was a best stage I had ever experienced of my life. After the all performances over, I couldnt take my feet off the ground because my heart and legs were shook like the old branches swayed in the wind. It was truly amazing to that extent. Im sure I cant forget the experience I had that day. Rock will never die!

Drivers of International Marketing

Question: Task The first assessment is designed to help ensure you have two key skills you will need throughout this subject: (1) applying theory to real world situations and (2) referencing. If you can do both these things well, many of the issues associated with preparing and producing work for this subject will be reduced. We have provided three resources for you to use to help you with Assessment One. Even if you feel very confident about your researching and referencing skills, please go to each resource before you begin the assessment as you will need to use them to complete the task. Access the following in your Resources folder on Interact: o Online research using Google Scholar o Finding sources using Primo Search o Referencing using APA style o How to apply theory to practice Then, select either an Australian or overseas country based organisation with which you are familiar. This may be where you work, where a friend or family member works, or a well-known organisation in which you would like to work. Using the drivers of international marketing from Topic 01 (Ch1, p.8-9), explain for the management of this organisation why they need to expand their involvement with international marketing. Use theory and real world examples to illustrate your points. Drivers: o Market needs o Technology o Cost scale o Government o Communication Answer: Introduction The drivers of international marketing are influenced both by external and internal factors. Broadly, these factors can be divided into market needs, technology, cost scale, government as well as communication (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). Brief Review of the Organization The organization considered in evaluating these factors on the global platform of international expansion is Woolworths Limited, Australia. Woolworths Limited mainly deals in its subsidiaries and the subsidiary that will be evaluated here is Woolworths Supermarkets. Woolworths Supermarkets is only operating in Australia and outsourcing its 96% fresh produce (Woolworths Limited, 2016). The supermarket has been acting as a duopoly with Coles and desires to extend its supermarkets chain of fresh produce in New York, United States. The drivers that needs to be considered are given as following. Market Needs Woolworths Supermarkets in Australia has multi-channel retailing, which needs to be extended further in international marketing. The supermarket chain has unique as well as profitable business. However, the retail chain needs to improve while meeting the needs and preferences of the customers. Nevertheless, Woolworths has been meeting the demand of customers by giving unbeatable value to fresh food because there has been a drift to healthier foods. It opts to take fresh market share leadership towards the level of grocery through quality, experienced supply chain management from the farm to the consumer, better merchandising and presentation (Woolworths Limited, 2012). As this retail chain is based on customer led choice, it will provide new categories across the stores in the international market Technology The best practices and processes in technology will be adopted that will provide true knowledge to the customers. Moreover, with the help of online portal, it will deliver fresh food products from Woolworths supermarkets to customers in small span of time. Overall, it promotes to practice, fresh food delivery by ordering online. Cost- Scale The cost scale can be based on the mode of entry strategy applied in international market. Moreover, the cost scale will be examined by providing the opportunity to win share through special offer that could be tailored in all stores based on the budget catchment. The local specialist of New York in fresh food will provide the knowledge of the market in a way that the retail chain could devise good range with fewer price points (Woolworths Limited, 2012). Government The United States follow Trans-Pacific Partnership and Free Trade Agreement for business investments from other countries. These agreements provide lower economic barriers to promote trade. However, Woolworths Supermarkets will be established in New York under the Free Trade Agreement of United States (Schott, 2016). Communication Woolworths Supermarkets in fresh produce determines to build the brands in New York using credentials as well as focusing on customer values and needs. Moreover, in the international market, Woolworths will give fresh food produce at competitive prices with relevant promotions. On the other hand, when it comes brand communication strategy, Woolworths supermarkets is customer driven and develops to provide Everyday Rewards based on loyalty points (Woolworths Limited, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that drivers of the international marketing are the key aspects that needs to be considered before international expansion. As far as Woolworths Supermarkets retail chain is considered, the expansion in its fresh produce will prove to be beneficial for both Australia as well as United States. References Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Investor Presentation: Strategic Priorities of Woolworths. (2012).Woolworths Limited. Retrieved 4 August 2016, from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/icms_docs/130560_Investor_Day_Presentation_2011.pdf Schott, J. (2016).Are Trade Agreements Good for Americans? - Room for Debate - NYTimes.com.Nytimes.com. Retrieved 4 August 2016, from https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/03/17/are-trade-agreements-good-for-americans Woolworths Supermarkets - Woolworths Limited. (2016).Woolworths Limited. Retrieved 4 August 2016, from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/Our_Brands/Supermarkets/Woolworths/

Sample College Essay About Extracurricular Activity

Sample College Essay About Extracurricular ActivityYou are a student at a private or public university or high school, and you have just finished your college essay writing course. There are many things that you should consider before you go on to write your college essay about extracurricular activity.In your college essay about extracurricular activity, you need to have an interesting and helpful essay to explain why you are interested in this particular subject. If your essay is not compelling, it will not help you much in getting into college. Your work must be good enough to impress the readers and make them want to read more.In order to write a successful college essay about extracurricular activity, you should make a good start by learning the basics of writing essays. For this, you will find it easier to learn from some good guidebooks. There are many good guides available online which teach you the basics of writing college essays.The next thing that you need to consider is your college essay topic. This is important as it is very difficult to keep track of your essay topic when you are writing for college essay. If you have an idea, you can write it down and find out the name of the subject theme that interests you.Then it is advisable to think about the topic that you think is related to the subject you are writing about. Then you will find it easy to find the essay topic that you need to focus on. So do not forget to think about this idea in advance.After you have identified your topic, it is best to research whether it is a general topic or a special one. You must write a general college essay about extracurricular activity if you are writing a collegeessay on students' activities. Or if you are writing a college essay on sports, then it is better to write a special college essay about sports.In case you are writing a college essay on people's activities, then you should focus on a specific subject. If you are writing about the personalities of a c ertain group, you should concentrate on a certain personality trait.

Death Of Ivan Illych Story Essays - House Of Romanov, Soviet Films

Death Of Ivan Illych Story The short story, "The Death of Ivan Ilych", written by Leo Tolstoy, is about the reactions of a man and his friends to his suffering and death. Everyone who knows Ivan including Ivan himself has led a life of total disconcern for the feelings and sufferings of others. They all lead shallow lives not daring to probe into the feelings deep down inside for fear of stepping outside the lines of propriety. That is the biggest rule that people of that society follow. Do not say or show what you are thinking. Ivan Ilych's attitude toward life is the same all the way up to his death. He was as the author put it, "...a capable, good-natured, and social man, though strict in the fulfillment of what he considered his duty: and he considered his duty to be what was so considered by those in authority." (p. 1088) That quote states that Ivan was solely concerned with his duties and his advancement in position by following the orders of his authorities. Ivan was son of a successful man who held many positions in many departments. That man, Ilya Epimovich Golovin, had three sons. The oldest followed his father's example and was a success. The youngest son was a total failure. He had blown many opportunities and was the shame of the family. Ivan the middle son was the better of the two. Ivan was a mix of his two brothers. He had the hard-working spirit of the older brother but also appreciates the value of a good time like the younger brother. Ivan's career grew steadily. In a short time, he eventually obtained the position of examining magistrate. Ivan did very well in this position. He excelled in the separation of the personal duties in his life and the official duties to which he was totally dedicated. This taste of power which came with his new position was very appealing to Ivan. The idea that writing a few words or giving a simple command sent people into motion made Ivan very happy. Upon moving to a new town to take up the position of examining magistrate, Ivan met his future wife, Praskovya Fedorovna Mikhel. Ivan saw her as a "...well connected, and was a sweet, pretty, and thoroughly correct young woman." The view that she was so within the lines of propriety was the most attractive feature which this young woman possessed in Ivan's view. At first the marriage which Ivan thought couldn't hurt his pleasure-seeking life didn't, then according to Ivan she began to disturb the pleasure and propriety of his life. This ordeal only worsened when his wife became pregnant. She became unbearable to him, overly jealous and coarse, becoming an obstacle to his pursuit of happiness and properness. When the child was born, Ivan realized that a life totally separate his family life would be necessary to fulfill the goals he set for himself. He also came to the realization that to keep his marriage in order that he was going to have to adopt the same attitude to his family that he has to his official duties. Ivan developed an attitude towards his family of complete indifference as stated in the story, "He only required of it those conveniences---dinner at home, housewife, and bed---which it could give him." (p. 1092) More children arrived and his wife's attitude only worsened. After three years and becoming a highly looked upon official he received a promotion to the position of Assistant Public Prosecutor. This new promotion made Ivan like his job even more. Meanwhile, more children were born which made Ivan's life even more difficult. After getting another promotion and moving to another province, the marriage was getting increasingly difficult. To try and overcome this Ivan decided to spend some time in the country with his wife. This move turns out to be a very bad one. Ivan falls into deep depression and decides that some drastic measures are needed. He returns from the country heading towards St. Petersburg with the objective of obtaining a salary of 5,000 rubles a year. Things worked out very much in his favor. He got a promotion two steps above his former position. After obtaining this position, he returned to the country and his marriage life improved immensely. Ivan then proceeded to the province to which they were moving to attempt to locate a house. He found one which suited his tastes perfectly. Ivan turned his attention towards furnishing his house. He searched for all the

Free Essays on Teenage Violence In Schools

Teenage Violence in Schools Teenage violence in schools has become a tremendous concern to many people. School violence over the past number of years has been increasing and family life, the things that occur in schools and the neighborhoods that the teenagers (that commit the crimes or violent acts) live in are some of the major factors. These are not necessarily the only causes to teenage violence. Family Lifestyle and the behavior of members within the family have been shown to have a direct affect on a teenager’s behavior in school. A child can be influenced very easily by any older person, especially a family member, because he always looks up to that family member. If a person in the family is involved in a criminal activity then the children can be turned on by this and become interested in doing the same thing. If the guardian or parent of a teenager does not punish him for doing something wrong, this can only lead to repetition of the bad behavior. Failure to stop a child from doing something wrong could lead the child to believe that his behavior is acceptable. Also, a child thinks that the people that are supposed to love him don’t even care that he is doing something bad so he will continue to do it. Teenagers also commit acts of violence to get their parents’ attention. If parents ignore what their teenagers are doing, then the teenagers will con tinue to do more negative things just to get their parents to notice them. Another reason why family lifestyle is a cause to teen violence is, if the teenager is abandoned at a young age than there is no one to teach him wrong and right (Kim 82). There are many different situations that can occur in school that can cause teenagers to do violent things. When a student has an argument with other students or a teacher that student may only know how to deal his anger by striking out. Often, teenagers do not know how to talk things out and instead, react violently. If a teen... Free Essays on Teenage Violence In Schools Free Essays on Teenage Violence In Schools Teenage Violence in Schools Teenage violence in schools has become a tremendous concern to many people. School violence over the past number of years has been increasing and family life, the things that occur in schools and the neighborhoods that the teenagers (that commit the crimes or violent acts) live in are some of the major factors. These are not necessarily the only causes to teenage violence. Family Lifestyle and the behavior of members within the family have been shown to have a direct affect on a teenager’s behavior in school. A child can be influenced very easily by any older person, especially a family member, because he always looks up to that family member. If a person in the family is involved in a criminal activity then the children can be turned on by this and become interested in doing the same thing. If the guardian or parent of a teenager does not punish him for doing something wrong, this can only lead to repetition of the bad behavior. Failure to stop a child from doing something wrong could lead the child to believe that his behavior is acceptable. Also, a child thinks that the people that are supposed to love him don’t even care that he is doing something bad so he will continue to do it. Teenagers also commit acts of violence to get their parents’ attention. If parents ignore what their teenagers are doing, then the teenagers will con tinue to do more negative things just to get their parents to notice them. Another reason why family lifestyle is a cause to teen violence is, if the teenager is abandoned at a young age than there is no one to teach him wrong and right (Kim 82). There are many different situations that can occur in school that can cause teenagers to do violent things. When a student has an argument with other students or a teacher that student may only know how to deal his anger by striking out. Often, teenagers do not know how to talk things out and instead, react violently. If a teen...

Analysis of Social and Health History Data for Older Persons Essay

Analysis of Social and Health History Data for Older Persons - Essay Example Moreover, the psychological changes among others are all problems associated with old age. The major changes that individuals face include adjustment to retirement, reduced income, and the use of leisure time. We will carry out a critical analysis of comprehensive social and health history data for two older persons. In this regard, one older person considers she or he is healthy’ for this stage of their life. Conversely, the second older person considers him/herself as experiencing ill health and/or a dysfunction. The potential health problems, demonstrate differences in these two persons’ social and health histories. Analysis will also be made on how these health problems impact on their quality of life and lifestyle. The person who will consider that he/she is healthy to this stage will react positively to changes. They will accept the fact that as the functions of the body changes, a healthy mental attitude helps a person to maintain a zest for living. This will fre e the person from monitoring changes and enables the person to seek medical care, hence adjust to personal lifestyle. This person will struggle to stay physically healthy by changing the poor health habits. Such habits include avoidance of negligence and body exercise that slows down the aging process. This postpones physical symptoms of aging such as heart failure, stroke, hypertension, and arthritis. Exercise will stimulate the mind and lessens premature dependence on others thereby improving the overall quality of life. This person with have positive social interactions that will enrich aging and can even involve themselves in community development, in volunteer activities, or even close family ties. All these provide enjoyment as a person ages. Ericson (1950) theory, Ego integrity versus despair, involve coming into terms with one's life. Any form of ill health can easily be dealt with, and these persons live long than expected. It is important to note that the adults who get to a sense of integrity feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements (Martin & Kinsella, 2004, p.90). On the contrary, these other older person who considers he/she is experiencing ill health and/or dysfunction. These persons take the aging process negatively and lacks acceptance. At this stage, despair comes in and they feel they had made wrong decisions. In such a scenario, the time is too short to find an alternative route to integrity. Without another chance, these persons find difficulty in accepting the closeness of death and overcome with resentment, defeat, and hopelessness. These attitudes expressed as anger and contempt for others disguising contempt for oneself. These persons tend to have a faultfinding behavior with a tendency to blame others for their personal failures. They also have regretful view of their own life reflecting with a great sense of despair. These people will just lie down on their beds and start complaining. They get more prone to aging di seases as stroke, hypertension, heart failure, arthritis, and they lack the strength to struggle with such diseases. They die within a shorter period than expected. Compare the similarities and differences in the chosen health problems Similarities in these two persons are that they are both older persons thus exposed to illnesses associated with old age. Such diseases include omega 48 blood disorders, neurological disorders, and respiratory

Sun Microsystems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sun Microsystems - Coursework Example The company was then selling its own servers developed by its own processors. Till 2001, the business was doing pretty well. However, during the economic downturn of 2001 when companies were looking for ways to cut on their costs, companies like Google shifted to cheap servers provided by other vendors. To adapt itself, Sun started to develop servers on third party platforms. From thereon they started losing on their revenues as many companies had already developed their own servers. In the year 2010, the company was taken over by Oracle. In the ‘Transformational model’, input and output consist of two types of components. The system input and outputs generally fall under the categories of labour, power, energy, information, decisions and money. In case of Sun Microsystems, the important planning inputs have been information, decisions, knowledge, skill set of the employees and the capital. Other influential factors which are significant in instigating the production process are competition, social facilities, technological and architectural infrastructures. The desirable outputs have been servers, workstations, data centres and software solutions for enterprises. However, in the process, Sun Microsystems was incurring higher cost which has been assumed as the less desirable output of the process. US hardware and software industry is huge with big players like Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, HP and Apple. The political environment of US is encouraging for the innovations, which is the biggest source of competitive advantage in this industry. One major disadvantage which these companies have to face higher labour cost. As a consequence, these companies outsource a large number of activities to other countries, worldwide. With the passing of recession, the hardware and software industry in US is still in its recovery phase. Although the US economy is recovering at a faster pace, it would need some time to reach the peak stage. With technological

The Feminine Roles In Dracula English Literature Essay

The Feminine Roles In Dracula English Literature Essay Bram Stokers novel, Dracula was written during the late nineteenth century and is commonly classified as a horror novel. Further analysis however, has brought to light the buried symbols and themes of sexuality that the novel holds within it. Due to its female sexual symbolism, the novel draws the attention of mostly men, as exploring these female forbidden themes were more of a fantasy for them than reality. As Dracula was set in the Victorian culture, it is shown to encompass all the beliefs and prejudices of the society, especially in regards to the social gender roles of men and women. Women were known to be suppressed and put down socially while men were lifted up and known for the authority and freedom they possessed. Through the two main female characters of his novel, Mina and Lucy, Stoker presents both the ideal Victorian model of what a woman should be, and the opposite of this model illustrating what a woman should not be; for the second becomes a threat to patriarchal Vic torian society and will ends up in ruin. Mina and Lucy are very significant to the novel as they are the only female characters, and narrators, who are depicted in a large amount of detail by Stoker. He juxtaposes Mina and Lucy throughout his novel to describe and contrast the two different categories of women that he believed existed in the Victorian era: the ideal, innocent, submissive women and the dangerous, rebellious women who wish to take risks and break free from the confining features of society. Although they hold different views on which of the two categories a woman should take her place in, they both acknowledge the conventional belief that men are more dominant in Victorian society than women: My dear Mina, why are men so noble when we women are so little worthy of them? (Stoker 96). Stoker uses Mina to illustrate his version of what an exemplary Victorian woman is like. Van Helsing describes Mina in the novel as one of Gods women, fashioned by His own hand to show us men and other women that there is a heaven where we can enter, and that its light can be here on earth. So true, so sweet, so noble, so little an egoistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Stoker 306). Mina is an intelligent, educated woman who uses her attained skills solely to better her husband, Jonathan Harker. Stoker uses Minas speech in the novel to emphasize her dedication to her husband: I have been working very hard lately, because I want to keep up with Jonathans studies, and I have been practicing shorthand very assiduously (Stoker 86). Although she works fulltime, she tirelessly takes on other commitments such as perfecting her shorthand so that she would be useful to Jonathan (Stoker 86). She is also seen thinking very highly of men in general and their independence from women: a brave mans hand can speak for itself; it does not even need a womans love to hear its music (Stoker 386). Lucy on the other hand, falls into Stokers second category of Victorian women. She is not seen committed physically and emotionally to one man alone throughout the novel. She is described as a voluptuous, beautiful woman who is approached with three proposals from three different suitors. Lucy complains to Mina asking her: Why cant they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want her, and save all this trouble? (Stoker 96). Although she would do this if she were allowed to, she recognizes that she has uttered words of heresy after saying them. This shows that although such a thought is seen as utterly promiscuous, immoral, and forbidden in the Victorian culture, it does not stop her from mentally crossing the boundaries set up by the social conventions of the society. Lucy is portrayed as someone who is driven by her sexual openness and flirtatious, tempting nature. Her physical beauty holds the interest of all her suitors and she enjoys the attention she would not get otherwise from the men of her society. This, in a way, helps Lucy to equalize herself to the same male gender that is claimed to be superior to females. Conversely, Mina is shown to be content with her monogamous status in society and does not feel the need to use her feminine sensuality to prove anything. In fact, Minas sexual desires, if any, remain unknown throughout the novel. By presenting Mina in this way, Stoker provides a stark contrast between the sexuality of Lucy and Mina. Minas perspective on the subject is left untold to illustrate that it shouldnt be a womans concern to think about such things, and that all a Victorian womans role entails is succumbing to a mans sexual needs and desires. Lucys character does not agree with this. Because she cannot live out her sexual appetites in the public sphere, she does it in the private through sleepwalking. In the state of sleepwalking, she can unconsciously and quite freely express her thoughts and longings. It is in this state that she is first bitten by Count Dracula. As this sequence occurs more often, she is made into a vampire and openly expresses her suppressed sexual desires. This defiles her purity and makes her a voluptuous wantonness (Stoker 342). Lucy as a vampire represents all of her built up, yet restrained sexual urges and passions. Her ravenous, insatiable sexual hunger becomes increasingly more obvious all the way through to the killing of her life as a vampire. Because Mina is not full of sexual neediness like Lucy, she has a lot less to restrain. She rather, uses her energy on being a maternal figure to those who need it. She feels the need to use her natural maternal instincts to better the men around her. She allows Arthur and Quincey to cry on her shoulder not long after encountering them in the novel just so that they would feel the comfort of a mother: He stood up and then sat down again, and the tears rained down his cheeks. I felt an infinite pity for him, and opened my arms unthinkingly. With a sob he laid his head on my shoulder, and cried like a wearied child, whilst he shook with emotion. We women have something of the mother in us that makes us rise above smaller matters when the mother-spirit is invoked; I felt this big, sorrowing mans head resting on me, as though it were that of the baby that some day may lie on my bosom, and I stroked his hair as though he were my own child (Stoker 372-373). Lucy, on the other hand, is shown as someone who does not take interest in the maternal qualities of women and mistreats little children in the novel. With a careless motion, she flung to the ground, callous as a devil, the child that up to now she had clutched,  strenuously to her breast, growling over it as a dog growls over a bone. The child gave a sharp cry, and  lay there moaning (Stoker 343). This shows that her craving is more important to her than the maternal quality of caring for a child; she would rather feed on the child than feed the child itself. Although both Mina and Lucy are attacked by the Count, the reasons for the attack differ for both characters. When Count Dracula threatens Jonathan during his attempt to attack Mina, Mina does what the Victorian culture would expect in a situation like this and puts her husbands life and safety before hers. Through the final attack on innocent Mina, Stoker illustrates the raw desire of men exploiting innocent women and testing their submissiveness. He also shows through this incident his belief of how weak and vulnerable women are. Conveniently, the first thing Mina does is succumb to the strange mans behaviour: I was bewildered, and strangely enough, I did not want to hinder him (Stoker 466). However, as soon as she realizes her purity is being defiled, she becomes revolted by the unclean event that has occurred and cries out Unclean! Unclean! (Stoker 461). Unable to change what has happened to her, she uses the incident to help the men who are in pursuit of Count Dracula. Lucy on t he other hand, is attacked and killed for another reason. Men want to see her destroyed because they see her beauty and sexual openness as a threat to Victorian society. Stoker uses Lucy to illustrate that sexually aggressive women who use their beauty to gain a certain power over men will not last in the Victorian culture. Instead of being physically ruined, they will be socially demeaned and out-casted. This social punishment is depicted through the staking and killing of Lucy by her own husband, Arthur. He is used in the passage to bring her back under Victorian social order and purity: There, in the coffin lay no longer the foul Thing that we had so dreaded and grown to hate that the work of her destruction was yielded as a privilege to the one best entitled to it, but Lucy as we had seen her in life, with her face of unequalled sweetness and purity (Stoker 351). This destruction of Lucy restores the confidence of the male audience of this novel as they are given back their plac e of superiority and are left knowing that they could continue to repress any liberating power women try to attain. Minas life is spared in the novel for her socially correct behaviour throughout the story. She uses her intelligence, her organization skills, and her resourcefulness to service the men and help them track down Count Dracula. Van Helsing describes her intellect as a trained like a mans brain, proving the belief that intellect is not something women naturally possess (Stoker 551). Mina is also always seen putting men above herself, even if it means giving up her own life: without a moments delay, drive a stake through me and cut off my head, or do whatever else may be wanting to give me rest!(Stoker 537). She asks her husband to take the responsibility of killing her before she becomes a danger to mens lives. To conclude, Stoker uses Mina and Lucy to confirm his sexist Victorian beliefs about the roles of men and women in society. The social construct of the time involved women being inferior to men in all areas of life, with the exception of child bearing and child upbringing. Their value was only seen in their maternal qualities and their submissiveness to men. Through Minas character, Stoker exhibits the ideal, virtuous, Victorian woman and shows, through her survival, what the benefits of following this model are. He also goes to show what happens to women when they feel that they should be seen as equals to men. Women who attempt to use their sexuality to attain power and break free from the patriarchal boundaries of Victorian society will end up ruined, just like Lucy.