Wajdan

It will took some time and need some sacrifice from the public in the shape of tax paying. The observation of Finance Minister Ishaq Dar is right that the economy of previous year was running itself. His enthusiasm to put the agenda of PMLN programme of his party as Laptops, Ashiana and other housing schemes, Nandipur Power Project, M-4, 8 and 9, Karachi Circular Railway, Prime Minister's Youth Training Programme, Prime Minister's Youth Skills Development Programme, Small Business Loans Scheme, Fee Reimbursement Scheme for Less Developed Areas, Prime Minister's Micro FinanceScheme, continued provision of funds for parliamentarians under a favoured name and the Ramazan Package. With all this, the development budget goes up by as much as 50 per cent. A big issue of Budget the not increasing the salaries of Government employees also resolved. Finance Minister Ishaq Dar today announced a 10% increase in the salaries of government employees. The newly formed government had earlier decided against increasing the salaries of government servants for the first time in nearly three decades.Now, The federal government's decision affects up to 650,000 federal employees and more than two million provincial government mployees. The finance minister said that the new government has taken tough decisions because the aim is to move in the right direction from the very beginning. He said the government needs to ensure that GDP grows enough to support the swelling population. The Finance Minister Ishaq Dar said the government will save Rs40 billion because of the cuts in expenditure and austerity measures taken in the latest budget.The PML- N government announced it will not keep more than 40 ministries in order to curb expenses. Dar, in his speech, also announced that all discretionary funds previously vailable to federal and state ministers will be abolished. Moreover, the PML-N government has also decided to abolish the Peoples Works Programme-II – the head used for the premier's discretionary spending. According to Dar, however, Peoples Works Programme-I, which allots discretionary funds to all members of Parliament, has been retained.The cuts in current expenditure still leave a revenue deficit of 1. 2 per cent of GDP. With the addition of the proposed Jump in the development budget, the PML-N government will be the first in the history of the country to start with a working fiscal eficit of 6. 3 per cent, financed by costly domestic borrowing. It is likely to end up with a much higher deficit, given the piecemeal nature of the tax measures announced.Reliance on withholding taxes has been increased and specific and discretionary measures have been proposed rather than reforming the tax regime. In our tax culture, reducing the corporate tax rate and increasing the maximum rate for non-corporate businesses may not encourage corporatisation, but it will certainly closing at another record high, driven by blue chip stocks. Investors welcomed the ew budget where the government announced a cut in corporate taxes by a percentage point and pledged resolution of the circular debt issue in 60 days.The suspense over the timing of a government request for an International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout finally ended when Finance Minister Ishaq Dar said a new package will be negotiated but on Pakistan's terms. Pakistan does not need to rush to the International Monetary Fund. The issue is to convert the present net outflow of resources into a net inflow. In parallel with austerity imposed on the current budget, nothing except the higher taxation of luxury ehicles has been announced on the import side.Privatisation and access to international capital market have also been mentioned. I think concerted effort can end circular debt in the short term. The main thing is underlying causes to see a permanent end of this deficit. Reforms announced to improve the performance of the mismanaged public enterprises, especially railways, require politic al will for implementation. Much more needs to be done than granting autonomy and placing the right man or woman on the right Job. If these steps will taken sincerely this nation will get finally releife in some years.

Analysis of Sylvia Plath Poems Essay

Stringency: A rigorous imposition of standards; A tightness or constriction; A scarcity of money or credit. Strictness: conscientious attention to rules and details The narrator makes reference to ‘a stake in your fat black heart’ and vampire imagery is clearly used here as vampire can only be killed with a stake through the heart. The stress falling on each word is like each pound and thrust of the stake. In addition, monosyllabic words create force and energy. The sentence is plosive and it is almost as if the heart is going to burst. We can understand the narrator’s possible dislike of domestic chores from her depiction of how ‘a sudden wind funnels at me/Slapping its phantom laundry in my face.’ The personification of the wind makes it come alive and the word ‘slapping’ is particularly explosive. It suggests that the wind is being harsh towards her. The word phantom shows death imagery. The ‘sudden wind could refer to the death of her father or perhaps the sudden discovery of her husband’s affair. This abruptness is supported by the following line because the phrase â€Å"a slap in the face† can be used to imply the element of surprise. The lake in Mirror ‘has drowned a young girl and replaced her with a middle-aged woman. Throughout the poem the mirror/lake appears as quite a sadistic character who takes delight in the girl’s sadness. This text informs us that her youth is passing and age is gaining on her; the word ‘young’ puts particular emphasis on this fact. The drowning could suggest that the girl has drowned herself in her vanity. We can liken the girl to Narcissus, who was so obsessed with his reflection that he couldn’t tear himself away and eventually died. The mushrooms declare that there are ‘So many of us! / So many of us!’ We read this line as if it has been yelled. This is assisted by the previous line – ‘little or nothing’ where nothingness suggests that the line itself is almost â€Å"quiet†. The mushrooms in this poem are linked to women in the time of Plath and so it is like they are yelling to be noticed. This poem is  written in a time period when women’s right were very much suppressed. The poem Ariel takes a turn in the stanza – White Godiva, I unpeel – Dead hands, dead stringencies. The word ‘white’ suggest starting fresh. ‘Unpeeling’ implies that the narrator is unpeeling her â€Å"layers†, and trying to find herself. Lady Godiva is famous for riding naked through the streets of Coventry which is quite a rebellious thing to do. The narrator is rebelling from the expectancies of women at that time. She does not want to follow the rules, the constrictions, the ‘stringencies’ and she makes this clear by referring to them as dead. ‘Dead hands’ could mean that her hands are ‘dead’ from doing household work and could also be a metaphor for the rules that have a hold on her.

Krueler Interview

The first Boer war was from 1880-1881 when the Boers fought England in order to recover their independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus. The second was from 1899-1902 when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain.Pieter Krueler was one of the toughest and bravest soldiers during the war. He was interviewed and revealed the real setting of the war in his own experience which makes the critics point out and reviewed the dilemmas more clear to the minds of the people.The war started between the differences of some learned diplomats and roughhewn nesters and successful millionaires battling for gold and power to rule (Bartleby).Opinions of anti-British, when the discovery of gold in Witwatersrand, many miners or prospectors are interested to get hold of the land. Â  The Boer’s called them threat to their state. After sometime, all mines are transferred to the British’s custody. The Boer government protected the people so the y charged big taxes from Uitlanders, also known as the foreigners even though British don’t really agree to that. The Orange Free State which was the independent Boer state in South Africa formed military troops to protect their independence (Bartleby).The Boer’s protest with regards to their rights was denied. The Boer declared war. Krueler was among those soldiers who fought for the Boers. Since the Boers are highly furnished with more weapons than the British, they had gone victories over the British adjacent to Boer’s territories. The Boers are kind hearted. They treated their prisoners well enough. They even fetched water for them to drink and even get blankets for the prisoners to rest.In the Cape Colony, there were many Boers captured because the British sent well trained reinforcements that lead them to victory. Cronje who was Boer’s leader forced to surrender. It was soon the British totally occupied the Transvaal territory. Roberts, who was the leader of British who led them to victory left the place because of his perception, the war was ended. Unfortunately, it wasn’t over yet and the Boers continue their coordination that lead to Guerilla war. They cut off the communications; attacked military post stations and some captured Boer were escaped by their help (Moritz).The Boers are fighting for their land which many foreigners are eager to find ways of colonizing the land. They are fighting for their independence which many foreigners are taking them away. They are great and brave people fighting for freedom, but they were only few of them. The British were certain enough that they can defend themselves from the Boers; they decided to totally finish the war under the ruling of Kitchener (Weber).The British recognized the kindness of the Boers to their families and their fellowmen; they captured the Boer’s women and children. Kitchener commanded his men to demolish the livestock and crops, farms were being bur ned, and captured women and children into. More women especially the children got sick and there were thousands died during that captured (Weber).Imperialism during the 20th century was very rude. It’s a regretful to those who did bad things to other people. The saddest part of it was that, the British were conquering the land that was not intended for them and hurting the people who own the land. The behavior of one’s nation because of power to control one’s land is very drastic. Kitchener’s plan of using the defenseless women and children as part of the war is to win the war, but not directly to fight with the Boer’s armies (Weber).When the Boer’s troops are diminishing rapidly and that ended the war. The Boer’s government accepted the leadership of the British in the condition that the British must apply a good government concerning the people in the future. However, the war gave the Boers so much resentment which continuous to aff ect the political life of the people throughout the 20th century (Bartleby).According to Krueler’s interview, the women and children including the four thousand prisoners gave a safe passageway by the British when they surrendered for the sake of the children and women. Moreover, the British treated him not as prisoner because he presumed of being a kid.With regards to the interview Krueler, the British had a conscience to speak for themselves for giving safe passageways for those who survived during the war. All they want was to get hold of the land.During the 1899 up to 1902 has become debatable. The holocaust happened in the camps is against the international law. This violates the human rights of the people. Women and children should not treat badly because they are weak and defenseless (Moritz).Anti-British claimed justice to all people who were badly injured and died during the war because of the barbaric acts of the British. The sympathy is with the Boers who only want their own land to live, but because they are few men to fight compared with their intruders, their land was totally occupied and ruled by the British (Weber).The war was proved to be the costliest, bloodiest and longest. Furthermore, it was said to be humiliating war from the British because of the longest time to defeat the Boers knowing that they were only few men fighting against them. In addition to, they were not fighting against the armies of the Boers, but they were fighting against the weak people of the Boers (Weber).Not only had the British militaries committed crimes, but also the leaders who gave commands. It is a crime against humanity, crime that no one was punished, crime that Kitchener should pay for. Unfortunately, when Kitchener died, he was remembered because of his virtue instead of a criminal (Weber).The British leaders’ imperialistic acts and hunger for diamonds and gold brought big and unforgivable damage to the people and land of Boer. The British wer e already powerful and wealthy during that time. They forgot about the thousands of lives perished for their greediness (Weber).Krueler’s interview about the First World War seems to be more similar intentions of the German people of acquiring the land in which the British occupied during that time. He was used by the German leaders to fight for them for colonial reasons. Some European countries are aiming to win the land of gold and diamonds for the purpose of continuous power and wealth. During the European wars, there are millions of civilians and militaries died aiming for one land which was not really fair for the civilians and most especially to those who owns the land.BibliographyThe Columbia Encyclopedia 6th Edition. Bartleby. Dec 2007. Moritz, Garett. About. 1998.Weber, Mark. IHR. May 1999.

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women Essay

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women - Essay Example A number of factors account for this but most outstanding could be sighted as the fact that there is a high level of disparity in the provision of quality healthcare to all areas of the American population. Records also have it that diabetes is a disease that poses so much health threat to affected persons. Consequently, a refusal by stakeholders, especially the government to address the issue would mean that the human resource base of the country will be jeopardized because the greater part of the United States workforce would be an ailing one. Among the African American women population, there are other critical statistics of facts that are worth elaborating as far as diabetes is concerned. This is because it is a fact that other risk factors such as age and family history can hardly be controlled. Subsequently, African American women who are over the age of 50 are more likely to get diabetes than those of other ages. Again, 45% of African American women are from homes with a histo ry of diabetes. What this means is that 45% are at risk as far as risk factors are concerned.In conclusion, it would be said that preventive primary healthcare delivery must be intensified among the African American population. Policy experts can make good of this fact sheet by ensuring that in their primary healthcare campaigns, African American women are admonished to maintain a healthy weight; eat low-fat, well-balanced diet; make physical exercise a habit; and reduce alcohol intake (Women Health, 2012).

Internet Saerver Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet Saerver Management - Essay Example an e-mail system using technology called web front end, so named because the mail client normally accesses his/her e-mail account utilizing the Internet. It is free for the individual user but several businesses also use the service and Gmail is the most popular web mail, with almost seventy-five million more clients than its nearest competitor, Hotmail. One of the biggest advantages of using web mail is the portability. Whether in Glasgow, Georgia or Guam one does not have to be connected to the office to send and receive mail. Faculty and students of Eilean Muile who travel for research probably find Gmail convenient and easy. The biggest disadvantage is lack of security and is a distinct reason why most Governments specifically forbid web mail for official transmissions. If one wishes to use a stand-alone mail program such as Outlook, by its own website (Google 2012), Google uses both IMAP and POP protocol, although it suggests that one choose IMAP, because of its stability and the fact that â€Å"Unlike POP, IMAP offers two-way communication between your web Gmail and your email client†. On the other hand, mail distributed through a local server, also known as local client, is totally different. With that approach, mail is received, distributed and disseminated on a local server, usually specifically for that purpose. The most popular version is Microsoft Exchange, in partnership with MS Outlook installed on the client computers which is what UHI uses. The mail service is named after the year in which the version was introduced, as is usual for MS applications, and the current version is Exchange Server 2010, although the older versions are still in use worldwide. It is almost used exclusively with Outlook, although Novell Evolution can also be utilized. The advantages include the increased security unavailable on Web clients. Mail can be scrutinized for denial of service attacks and Microsoft claims that Exchange 2010 is the most secure yet and

Security - Network Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13500 words

Security - Network Design - Essay Example Literature Review reveals that there is more to security than just putting up defences. It also relates to the psychology of security that adds to the threat instead of obviating it. Technologically security measures and intrusion capabilities are advancing alongside each other and the race is yet to be decided. Hence it is imperative to tackle this issue more seriously an in a practical way. A case study has been examined to highlight the most common threat of stealing of data for misuse. The findings show that human carelessness and not giving priority to security measures coupled with psychological factors of not being open and forthright mix to result in huge losses. Business across the world is embracing Information Technology for collecting and dissemination information. This requires Networks to connect various information centres for transfer of this information. The increase in connectivity provides access to larger and varied resources of data more quickly than ever before, and it also provides an access path to the data from virtually anywhere on the network-based environment (Seleznyov, 2001). The Network is usually on Local Area Network (LAN) which is an arrangement of communication between hardware, software and communication devices in a closed area. Generally LAN’s connecting devices are located within a 2,000-foot radius for maximum effect. LAN’s generally have higher transmission rate than PBXs and use bus or ring topology. The Network itself may be spread worldwide like the World Wide Web. This arrangement makes it possible for the data (text, voices and graphics images, and more recently video clips) to flow between different types of hardware such as mainframes, PCs, terminals and input/output devices through use of various software. Since a LAN is spread over a defined work space, however large it may be, it is secured by various means against any external intrusions like viruses and malware. Of course no LAN can be

Answering economics questions Explain why each of the following Essay

Answering economics questions Explain why each of the following statements is false. For each write the correct statement - Essay Example Thus, competitive profits are only those which are excess profits after the total costs are covered. Q7) Banana computer company has fixed costs of production of $100,000, while each unit costs $600 of labour and $400 of materials and fuel. At the price of $3000, each $10 reduction in price, banana computers increases 1000 units, calculate the marginal cost and marginal revenue for banana computers and determine is monopoly price and quantity. Q9) Explain the error in the following statement: "A firm out to maximize its profit will always charge the highest price that the traffic will bear". State the correct result, and use the concept of marginal revenue to explain the difference between the correct and the erroneous statements. It should be noted that the aim of the monopolist is not to maximize profit and not maximize the price. Monopolists can only do this by identifying the price level which yields the highest profits. This occurs at MC = MR which is not often the highest price that a monopolist can charge. Charging an overly high price reduces the quantity demanded and will increase the marginal cost resulting into a shrink in profit. Q1) Review collusive oligopoly and monopolistic competition, which are two theories of imperfect competition discussed in this chapter. Draw up a table that compares perfect competition, monopoly, and the two theories with respect to the following characteristics: (a) number of firms; (b) extent of collusion; (c) price vs marginal cost; (d) price vs. long run average cost; (e) efficiency. Factors Monopolistic competition Collusive Oligopoly Number of Firms Large number of sellers Few large producers Extent of Collusion No collusion Control over price but mutual interdependence Price vs. Marginal Cost Price increase will lead to a substantial decrease in demand, thus, higher MC Price increase wi

Analyse the causes of the Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyse the causes of the Credit Crunch - Essay Example What is also significant to understand that the current crises are not just the result of the subprime mortgage crises but encompass different other reasons which have necessarily increased the overall severity of the crises. Further, banks also started to repossess the homes taken as collateral against the subprime mortgage loans which resulted into the decline in the prices of real estate. Credit Crunch is defined as a sudden decrease in the available funds for the purpose of lending and as such the credit crunch that resulted into US and spread to other countries includes a drastic reduction in the credit extended to private sector as well as consumers. The apparent reason for this credit crunch is subprime mortgage crises however; there are three major reasons that are often cited as the key reasons behind the overall credit crunch experienced by the developed world. Banks are considered as the main actors behind the current credit crunch episode due to their imprudent lending policies. Over the period of time, banks started to lend to those borrowers who had relatively high credit risk however, due to their higher credit risk, they also offered an opportunity to earn higher returns. In order to increase their profitability, banks and other financial institutions therefore started to lend to subprime borrowers in mortgage markets. What is however, important to understand that the banks, in order to recoup their lost liquidity, started to bundle these subprime mortgage loans into mortgage backed securities and sold them in secondary markets. The problems aroused when subprime borrowers started to default on their payments and banks have to take other funds to payback their obligations against mortgage backed securities. The process of securitization therefore further aggravated the situation. This is because of the fact that the funds that were available for the lending were used

Statistics project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Statistics Project Example From the above data we would be finding the correlation coefficients of all the other variables with the variable ssize. The formula which is used to find the Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient is as follows: where the term, is the covariance term and the term  is the standard deviation of x and the term is the standard deviation of y. The range of Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1. If the correlation coefficient is nearing to -1, it denotes negative relation between the two variables x and y (if one increases the other decreases and vice versa), and if the correlation coefficient is nearing to +1, it denotes positive relation between the two variables x and y (if one increases the other also increases and if one decreases other also decreases). To find out the existence of any type of correlation roughly, we take the help of scatter diagram. The correlation coefficient is tested through the test of significance procedure that under null hypothesis, H0: The correlation coefficient is not significant against the alternative hypothesis H1: The correlation coefficient is significant. The formula for testing the correlation coefficient is given by Student’s t-test using the following expression: to =  with (n-2) degrees of freedom where n is the sample size. If the correlation coefficient is significant, we conclude that the relationship between the two given variables is highly significant and influential otherwise we say that the correlation coefficient is not significant. In the present study, all the other variables are having highly significant correlation coefficients with sales except npart. The regression equation which explains the sales per square meter on hours worked on the sales floor space of the store is y = 5133.59 + 37.53 * x1- 22.14 * x2 where x1 denotes hoursw and x2 denotes ssize. From the table E which are the

Summarization essay on The Monkey's Paw by Edgar Allen Poe

Summarization on The Monkey's Paw by Edgar Allen Poe - Essay Example Men, women and families gather together waiting for the lottery to start. Mr. .Summers and Mr. Graves, the postmaster arrives in the square carrying a black box. Mr. Summer is responsible for administering the lottery as he is always willing to do a lot for the village and has ample time to carry this out. This black box he carries is not the original one used by their ancestors as it was lost even before the birth of old Warner. Although this one is worn out and Mr. Summers recommend that it should be changed, nobody has the courage to deceive around the tradition. Nevertheless he is able to use paper instead of the traditional wood chips. These slips of paper are made by Mr. Summer and Mr. Grave last night and for safety locked in a coal factory owned by Mr. Summers. A list of all the people in the village is prepared and Mr. Summers is taken under an oath. Some villagers recall that in the old times, there used to be a song and salutation but these customs have been missing now. Before starting the lottery it is assured that everybody is present. Tessie Hutchinson forgets that today was the day of the lottery and joins her family in haste; she is laughed upon by the crowd. Old Warner’s presence is assured too. The regulations of the lottery are repeated to the crowd. Mr. Summers will read the names of the head of the family and that person will come forward to draw the slip. As the individuals starts to do so he meets everyone and exchange greetings. Nobody is allowed to see the paper until everyone has had his turn. When Old Warner is told by Mr. Adam that villagers of the north town might stop the lottery, he becomes agitated and says that this could guide them to primitives and would bring them trouble. Everyone look at their slips of paper as soon as Mr. Summers stop calling names. In a couple of minutes it is known that Bill Hutchinson has gotten it. Tessie

Diplomatic Relations between Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diplomatic Relations between Countries - Essay Example For example, there is "rupture" which is often used to refer to a breach of diplomatic relations. However, it may also connote a lesser deterioration in relations between two states.1 Lesser deterioration is what may generally obtain in diplomatic relations and not complete breakdown which implies belligerent status such as war. Diplomatic relations are rather complex in that both relationship issues and substantive issues maybe involved. The first refers to the way countries deal with each other, whether logically or emotionally, clearly or ambiguously, honestly or deceptively.2 The second concern issues that are the subjects of discrete negotiations, for example, the terms of a treaty, the price of one product, the levels of armaments.3 Apparently, when relationship is not problematic, substantive issues are easier to deal with. History is replete with accounts of diplomatic relations gone sour and broken down, followed by corresponding actions taken. A complete breakdown is a serious matter, implying that the countries involved are not interested even in the future where they can be friends. 4 Nevertheless, there are ways of salvaging fledgling relationships, but they need to follow some basic principles. For this portion, this paper largely centers on discussions of Scott Brown,5 a founding member of the acclaimed Harvard Negotiation Project. Brown advises to be unconditionally constructive on relationship issues. He states that indeed, many diplomatic relations function poorly, and he explains why and how they can be improved. II. Diplomatic Relations Before any substantive issue is to be dealt with, relationship issues must be looked into. There are six categories of relationship issues according to Brown: 6 the balance of emotion with reason between the two countries; their level of common understanding; the extent and nature of communication between them; the degree of trust between the two; the level of coercion as a method of influence; and, the degree of acceptance of the legitimacy of the negotiating partner. Diplomatic relations may therefore be said to have strong correlations with understanding, communication, trust, influence, and acceptance of negotiator. If something is wrong with any of these, the diplomatic relation may not be exactly wholesome but tittering on the brink of rupture. A. Mediated relationships. Diplomatic relations may be understood as special relationships between countries where they ink agreements, whether economic, political, social, and the like. These relations are specially firmed up with treaties to keep peace and order in the region, and at times with the involvement of a bigger power. The Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 was signed into law for the purpose of establishing a new relationship with Taiwan after U.S. recognized the People's Republic of China.(PRC)7 One thing that plagues Taiwan seemingly forever is its determination to be the China, and the United States in this case acts as mediator. Since it is the PRC that the United States has recognized, it also has to chalk up a relationship with Taiwan. In Wen Jiabao's 8 speech hosted by nine American Organizations, he said that people sincerely hope to see a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question in the midst of Taiwan's separatist tendencies. Batting for the One China policy, and challenging America to understand it, Wen Jiabao

Characteristics of Maggie and Don in the Rainbow Bird Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of Maggie and Don in the Rainbow Bird Essay Maggie is a nature-lover fascinated by nature. Instead of paying attention in class, Maggies mind had been filled with a vision of the bird. This clearly shows that she is so enthralled by the rainbow bird that she cannot concentrate in class. From what her mother said, Its a bird now, I can infer that she may have other interests before. In school, she carried beetles wings and cowries about in her desk to stare at and this shows that she is a person who loves nature. Her love for nature is also evident in the way she reacts when she finds out that the Honey Man killed the rainbow bird and its family. Her anger and sorrow reveal how much the bird means to her. She is secretive, loner and is misunderstood by others. Maggie refuses to let her friends know about her secret about the rainbow bird. She is afraid that if they find out about the rainbow bird, they will start teasing and making fun of her. Maggie is very emotional, sensitive and revengeful. Upon hearing about the rainbow birds death, Maggie lets herself get worked up and started to curse the Honey Man. This is evident in He will die. I know he will.. Serve him right, too She hates the Honey Man so much that she describes him as a devil and a beast and wished that forked lightning would leaped out of the sky and char him to ashes. This clearly shows that Maggie holds a grudge against the Honey Man and is revengeful. Maggie immediately questioned the Honey Man, Whatre you doing with that gun? This shows that Maggie is very straightforward and rude because she did not greet the Honey Man when she saw him. Immediately after school, Maggie raced down constantly urging Don to hurry up. This shows that she is anxious to meet the rainbow bird and impatient. She told Don to chuck the bird away and Don obeyed her. Maggie was able to make Don listen to her and able to control Don. Maggie could identify that it was Cafferty the Honey Man who was the big, dark figure on the slope. She could see a lump in his pocket. Maggie watched the Honey Mans every move and is therefore observant. Even though the rainbow bird is dead, Maggie is still hating the Honey Man that he killed the bird. She also thought that the people were burying the rainbow bird. This shows that she is unrealistic and was still thinking about the rainbow bird. Maggie is imaginative. Although the rainbow bird is dead, Maggie is trying to imagine the rainbow bird and thought that the people were burying the rainbow bird. This shows that Maggie is very imaginative. Upon hearing that the Honey Man is charging six-pence for every rainbow bird, Don planned to go hunting for rainbow birds with other boys. He was not on his sisters side and wanted to kill the rainbow birds for money. This shows that Don is greedy. Don obeyed his sister and chuck the rainbow bird away. Don wanted to feel if there were any little ones in the nest without considering that the mother bird would go away. He did not know that there was someone near the nest and was about to go on but Maggie stopped him. This clearly shows that he is rash, and do things without thinking. Even though the rainbow is dead, Don pretended he did not care and did not console his sister. He did not feel sad when the rainbow bird is dead. This shows that he is unfeeling and cruel.

Competitive Advantages of Germany

Competitive Advantages of Germany Aerosil is a fumed silica product developed in 1942 by Degussa AG in Germany. The scientific name of fumed silica is Colloidial Silicon Dioxide. It is pure silicon dioxide, made from vaporized silicon tetrachloride, oxidized in high-temperature flame with H2 and O2. Aggregated amorphous nano-sized primary particle gives free flow to powder materials. It gives thickening effect and thixotropy by dispersing to liquid materials. Standard hydrophilic products are made of primary particles from 7 nm to 40 nm, and also these products are surface modified to hydrophobic. As of September, 2007 what was Degussa is now the chemicals business area of the new Evonik industries. Right from the start of the business activities for AEROSIL ® fumed silica, Evonik followed Degussas philosophy for success to combine tradition and progress. In 1942 an idea became reality. Degussa invented the fumed silica as a replacement for carbon-black, which was manufactured from oil, to counteract the shortage of resources. At that time, the trade name AEROSIL ® was invented and protected. Today AEROSIL ® is a synonym for fumed silica and Evonik is globally present with more than 100 sales offices in 95 countries and over 1000 highly motivated employees. They have eight production plants and applied technology laboratories in Germany, China, Japan, Thailand and the USA, enabling them to stay close to their customers. They are not only known for their extensive product line with it ´s wide variety of grades, but are also market leaders with their highly specialized quality and environmentally-conscious technologies. Without AEROSIL ® fumed silica many everyday things would no longer be conceivable. AEROSIL ® fumed silica is found, for example, in buildings with earthquake-proof foundations, in silicon sealants for bath tubs, in yacht production, as insulation material for Ceran ® stove tops, or in paints that without AEROSIL ® products would be difficult to use. They have over sixty years experience in this specialty field and are continually optimizing their product line and technical services with great flexibility according to the needs of their customers. Evoniks close contacts with the industries that use their products, as well as to their suppliers, allow them to develop new innovative products for existing applications, as well as new applications for established products. Due to the continuous expansion of Evoniks worldwide production capacities, they are able to supply their customers with the right products in the desired quality and quantity throughout the world. Close cooperation and partnership with the customers is one of Evoniks top priorities. gm Industry History The shortage of raw materials and resources on our planet has been a hotly debated topic for several decades. The black gold in particular inspired many to become active researchers. Degussa were also enthusiastic about the idea of one day finding a substitute for oil. This is why, in 1941, they began to develop a white filling material for the tire industry as a substitute for industrial carbon black, which, up to then, could only be produced from oil. Just twelve months on, having created high-temperature flame hydrolysis, they succeeded in producing the first ultrafine-particle pyrogenic silica. Their vision became reality and the brand known as AEROSIL ® was born. dr, harry This success story took its course, and in 1966, an important foothold was established in Asia with the building of the Nippon Aerosil production plant in Yokkaichi, Japan. In 1976, the same step was taken westwards when the production of AEROSIL ® began at the new Degussa plant in Mobile, Alabama/USA. More than 60 years of experience, development and research have by now made AEROSIL ® the most frequently used brand for the creation, modification and characterization of surface effects.Chemistry_by_Ekspertiza.jpg APPLICATIONS OF AEROSIL ® More than 60 years of experience in the production, modification and application of fumed silica provide a sound basis for continuously enhancing these products. Evonik strive to meet the increasing demands of existing and new areas of application. Their objective is to fully satisfy customers expectations now and in the future. AEROSIL ® Fumed Silica makes use of the smallest of things. The smallest particles of some AEROSIL ® grades measure no more than seven nanometers a human hair is 3,000 times thicker. So small, yet so great: The smaller the particles, the greater their effect and range of applications. AEROSIL ® optimizes some factors whish are given below : paints and coatings catalysts airbags silicone sealants in the car, sanitary and electronics sectors sealing inserts, e.g. for covering crown cork printing inks creams, lotions, gels deodorants paper properties chemical dowels unsaturated polyester resins light bulbs and fluorescent tubes toners for photocopying machines silicone profiles shoe soles putty dental composites 2-component mortar marine paints structure adhesives for the production of rotor blades in wind power plants the disability of active substances in tablets The advantages of AEROSIL ® Fumed Silica in different industries : Adhesives Sealants Batteries Food Glass Paints Coatings Personal Care Pharmaceuticals, Plastics ,Silicones , Toners Product Line AEROSIL ® is an extremely versatile product. In order to find the AEROSIL ® grade with the right characteristics for the application, they have grouped the various AEROSIL ® types by Raw Material Method of Production. Not only are these, but also the behavior with water, whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic, crucial for the final application. AEROSIL ® grade could be found to solve problem in one of the following categories: Hydrophilic Fumed Silica Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Fumed Mixed Oxides Hydrophilic Fumed Metal Oxides Special Hydrophobic Silicas and Hydrophobic Metal Oxides Special Granulated Fumed Silicas Dispersions competitive-analysis_clip_image010.jpg Competitive Strategy To decide the competitive strategy there are two deciding factors. These are: industry structure and positioning within industry. Industry Structure Porters 5 forces analysis Porters 5 forces analysis is an analysis skeleton for industry analysis and business strategy development which was founded by by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 . It uses concepts developed in Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive 5 forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. untitled Figure 01: Porters five forces analysis Porters Five Forces include three forces from horizontal competition: threat of substitute products, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants; and two forces from vertical competition: the bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers The threat of substitute products The existence of close substitute products increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives in response to price increases. But there are no substitutes for fumed silica. Thats why there is no threat of substitute products. The threat of the entry of new competitors As the business of fumed silica is very lucrative; thus, results in many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. But there are some barriers to enter this industry and those are given below : The existence of barriers to entry In 1942, Degussa invented the fumed silica as a replacement for carbon-black, that was manufactured from oil, to counteract the shortage of resources. At that time, the trade name AEROSIL ® was invented and protected. Today AEROSIL ® is a synonym for fumed silica. Economies of product differences With a sales volume of nearly 1.8 million metric tons a year (2004), sales revenues of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,071 million (2005) and a staff of 530, Evonik is the largest chemical manufacturer at the Marl Chemical plant. Capital requirements: Due to heavy investment in setting up the plant and thw production process, a very few wants to enter to this industry. The intensity of competitive rivalry- For most industries, this is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Number of competitors: There are only two substitute product for fumed silica and those are: Cab-o-sil and HDK, these rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc. Exit barriers: As the initial investment is high and the cost of swithiching to other manufacturing product is also very high, so the exit barrier is also high. Competitors are here to stay. Positioning Within Industry AEROSIL ® grades of Evonik have gained competitive advantages because of its cost leadership and the quality it offers. To compete internationally Evonik has adopted the global strategy approach driven by the principle think global, act local. Fumed silica grades are sold internationally under one brand, AEROSIL ® and one target audience, that is the business consumers. 683px-Schematicy-atom.svg.png Porters Diamond Model Germany possesses comparative advantage in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica. Germany has the ability to produce the AEROSIL ® fumed silica at a lower opportunity cost. The comparative advantage of Germany in the production of fumed silica is described by the Maichael Porters Diamond Model as followed: Untitled-1_clip_image002 Figure 02 : Porters Diamond model Factor Conditions- refers to inputs used as factors of production such as labor, land, natural resources, capital and infrastructure. Porter argues that the key factors of production are created, not inherited. Specialized factors of production are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. Human Resources With over 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union Germany has the best qualified workforce in Europe. Above all, the German chemical industry has traditionally regarded the training and continuous upgrading of employees ´ qualifications as being very important. This is because a well trained workforce is the precondition for the operation of highly specialized high-tech facilities, production of innovative chemical products, and high productivity. Well trained employees also mean fewer accidents with minimal downtimes as one result. The chemical parks often have training centers on-site to ensure that employees theoretical and practical knowledge is kept up to date. Many chemical parks help companies located there to recruit qualified employees. A well qualified workforce and ongoing training are important factors. Another factor which contributes to the success of chemical companies based in Germany is the high degree of identification of employees with their company. Highly motivated, they remain faithful to their companies, and staff turnover is low. The advantage: employees gather valuable expertise and experience, which in turn ensures smooth operations and contributes to economic success. Employees high degree of identification with their companies also involves the stable and consensus-oriented partnership which characterizes the relationship between chemical companies and trade unions in Germany. The result speaks for itself: Germany is the country with the lowest number of strikes in Europe. But the mai n problem from Germanys point of view is that the cost of labor and raw materials are very high. And that is the reason why German industries mainly shifted their manufacturing plants to the countries where labor is cheaper. They have a market all over the world. The people who are engaged, either directly or indirectly in this industry account for approximately 27 percent of the total work force and produce more than 14 percent of Germanys total manufacturing output. Physical Resources The main raw material for fumed silica Most of the countrys products are in engineering, especially in automobiles, machinery, metals, and chemical goods. Germany is the leading producer of wind turbines and solar power technology in the world. Knowledge resources It is very important for a country to have a RD sectors and specialized institution so that they can provide more specialized knowledge for them. Germany has very good and sophisticated research centers that are essential to do extensive research to innovate new product. And that is the reason why they are famous world wide. Infrastructure- With its central position in Europe, Germany is an important transportation hub. This is reflected in its dense and modern transportation networks. Probably most famous is the extensive motorway (Autobahn) network that ranks worldwide third largest in its total length and features a lack of blanket speed limits on the majority of routes. Shipyard_at_dawn_by_le_feu.jpg Demand Conditions Porter argues that a sophisticated domestic market is an important element to producing competitiveness. Firms that face a sophisticated domestic market are likely to sell superior products because the market demands high quality and a close proximity to such consumers enables the firm to better understand the needs and desires of the customers. The issues that affect demand conditions: Sophisticated and demanding buyers The home market of the Germanys chemical product demand very high quality product. High Product Quality is the essential prerequisite for their business success. One guarantee is the global quality management system for AEROSIL ® products, which monitors and supports production. The Product Safety department maintains product registration and the supporting MSDS, safety-specific and toxicological data to ensure the safe and legal use of our products. Anticipatory buyers need German Chemical industries saw that their demand in the home market is enormous. They saw the scope for more demands in the other markets of the world. German chemical industry itself is in their different manufacturing units around the world. They are expanding their demand for chemical in the whole world. Related Supporting Industry Porter also argues that a set of strong related and supporting industries is important to the competitiveness of firms. This includes suppliers and related industries. German Chemical industry also needs to have close relationship, joint innovation with suppliers, complementary products, sharing same technology with their related and supported industries to sustain its competitive advantage. Close Relationshipasdf.jpg Evonik is an active partner of the most important transaction platforms in the chemical industry. In close cooperation with ELEMICA they have built up connections to their customers on the base of the ChemXML standards. ELEMICA is the platform for the raw material providers to the chemical industry and CC-Chemplorer, the purchasing platform for engineering goods and consumption material. VMI Vendor System VMI is a further step to improve customer convenience. Mostly with silos and tanks the supplier takes care that a customer never lacks raw material. Advanced sensor technology is capable to communicate directly with the ERP-system of the supplier. Together with their IT-partners they are prepared to design and implement the appropriate connection. Firms Strategy, Structure Rivalry In Porters study, it is found that the dynamism and pressure created by a vibrant local industry was perhaps the single most important stimulus to innovation and upgrading in an industry-a result that held independent of country size. Domestic rivalry provides an essential motivation for firms to make the investments and take the risks necessary to generate competitive advantage. Domestic rivalry is more important than competition with foreign firms because proximity speeds information and improves incentives to compete. Domestic competition negates basic factor advantages and forces firms to develop higher order (more sophisticated) and ultimately more sustainable advantages. In the chemical industry of Germany there exists an environment featuring a strong supply chain management, sophisticated demand from the domestic users, and an intensely competitive neighborhood with companies like BASF, Industries, Wacker Chemie. Sources of Creating Competitive Advantagesertyre.jpg It has gained competitive advantages due to several reasons and those are discussed below: New Technology Degussa invented the fumed silica in a substitute of carbon black. So AEROSIL ® has the competitive advantages as the inventor of fumed silica. Shifting Buyer Needs from Carbon Black to Fumed Silica As a replacement of carbon black, fumed silica has been used by the industries. The buyer needs had been shifted to the fumed silica from carbon black. Input Cost or Availability The raw materials needed for producing fumed silica is locally produced. Evonik is an active partner of the most important transaction platforms in the chemical industry. In close cooperation with ELEMICA they have built up connections to their customers on the base of the ChemXML standards. ELEMICA is the platform for the raw material providers to the chemical industry and CC-Chemplorer, the purchasing platform for engineering goods and consumption material. Strength_Is_Weakness_by_crazeemunkee0105.jpg SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strtegic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strngths(S) or weakness(W), and those external to the firm can be classified as oppertunities (O), or threats(T). Such analysis of the strategic environment is refered to as a SWOT analysis. The strengths , weaknesses, opportunity and threats for AEROSIL ®: Strengths Evoniks strengths in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing the competitive advantage. The strengths include: Patent Strong Brand Name- AEROSIL ® Good reputation among customers Exclusive access to the natural resources Extensive distribution channel Weakness The absence of certain strengths results in weaknesses for Evonik. As it enjoys an advantage of huge production capacity and a large manufacturing plant, but it may result into weakness as it employs a large pull of capital. It also prevents the firm from reacting quickly to the changes in strategic planning. Opportunity The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunity for profit and growth. The opportunity for Evoniks AEROSIL ® fumed silica includes: Arrival of new technology from the continuous research Removal of international trade barriers Economic integrations Threats Changes in the external factors may result into threats for the firm and those are: Entry of new competitor Innovation of new substitute product werwer.jpg Pest Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. Political Analysis Political situation is a very significant external factor for the development of an industry. It is only through proper policies of the government added with incentives, subsidies and promotions that an industry can flourish. In Germany, government has taken several initiatives to promote the chemical industry. German chemical industry is doing very well in a global arena because they are getting support from their favorable government policies and terms conditions for increasing their productivity and constant innovativeness. Following reasons influence in this regard: Political stability Legal framework for contract enforcement Intellectual property protection Trade regulations tariffs Favored trading partners Pricing regulations Taxation tax rates and incentives Wage legislation minimum wage and overtime Economic Analysis The economic analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. The home economy situation is very vital to the growth of the industry. Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. Germany is the largest national economy in Europe and the third largest by nominal GDP ($3.22 trillion) in the world and also ranked fifth by GDP. This is a very stable and favorable economic condition for a country to be internationally competitive. Following reasons influence in this regard: Government intervention in the free market Comparative advantages of host country Exchange rates stability of host country currency Efficiency of financial markets Infrastructure quality Skill level of workforce Economic growth rate Unemployment rate Inflation rate Interest rates Social Analysis The social analysis is used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. The analysis headings are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company. German Chemical industry always looks at the social factors to manufacture products. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Some social factors include: health consciousness population growth rate age distribution career attitudes emphasis on safety Demographics Class structure Education Culture Attitudes Leisure interests Technology Analysis The technological analysis is often used within a strategic SWOT analysis. The technology analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions German Chemical industry is doing well because their country has resources of high technology. Some technological factors include: Research Development (RD) activity automation technology incentives rate of technological change Recent technological developments Technologys impact on product offering Impact on cost structure Sustaining Competitive Advantagesustain.jpg As Evonik has created competitive advantages in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica, it has quite a few factors to sustain competitive advantage. Nature of Sources of Competitive Advantage- Higher Order Advantage The advantages that Evonik possess for AEROSIL ® fumed silica is hard to replicate by the competitors. As Evonik possesses the exclusive right to produce AEROSIL ® fumed silica, no other can produce the exact fumed silica grades that we produce. Number of Distinct Sources of Advantages Extensive World Dealer Network Only AEROSIL ® products are offered from eight production sites distributed around the globe, supported by applied technology, research, commercial and technical service offices on three continents. This has established us as a committed service provider and competent advisor. AEROSIL ® production plants, technical service centers, research centers and commercial and technical service offices are located in Europe, North America and Asia with more than 100 sales offices in 95 countries to serve customworldwidehttp://www.aerosil.com/pub/NR/rdonlyres/2C62F50C-39FB-47B9-9F1F-82C9FAB46A6C/0/aerosilLocations.gif Brand Name AEROSIL ® has become the synonym for fumed silica. So, Evonik enjoys the strength from the brand name itself. Technical Service While typical inquiries can be answered by the local sales staff and distributors, a highly qualified technical consultancy service is also available to their customers. To this end, they support their customers by maintaining a network of experienced applied technology experts specialized in key industries on three continents. Constant Improvement Upgrading Research is the future. Or more precisely: Investment in the future. The work of scientists today forms the basis for the business successes of tomorrow. This principle is nothing new for AEROSIL ® products. It has been an established tradition for more than 60 years now. The outstanding research and development departments have made them one of the most frequently sought after contacts worldwide for the generation, modification and characterization of pyrogenic oxides, as well as for the performance effects they bring. 1941 Development of high-temperature hydrolysis for the production of pyrogenic silica 1942 Development of the first industrial production process in Rheinfelden, awarding of the first patent 1943 AEROSIL ® is registered as a trademark for Degussas pyrogenic silica 1953 Production of aluminum oxides using the AEROSIL ® method 1954 Production of pyrogenic titanium oxides 1963 Commercial production of the first hydrophobic types, AEROSIL ® R 972 and AEROSIL ® R 974 1986 Development of a further chemical after treatment technology; hydrophobizing method completed. AEROSIL ® R 805, R 812 and R 202 launched 1992 Launch of the first structure-modified hydrophobic product AEROSIL ® R 8200 First fully-integrated production location for AEROSIL ® in Waterford, USA. 32423.jpg Recommendation Evonik should not necessarily pursue the more lucrative opportunities; rather it may have a better chance of developing competitive advantages by identify a fit between strengths and upcoming opportunities. In order to overcome the threats from the external environment, it should get prepared itself to pursue a compelling opportunity. 2. Format and Style The format and style of the final report is similar to that required of a technical paper with the following requirement: Cover page Microsoft Office Word A4 page setup 1.5 line spacing Point 12 Times New Roman font 1 inch page margin

Relationship Between Molecular Size and Rate of Diffusion

Relationship Between Molecular Size and Rate of Diffusion DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS Minh Thu Vo INTRODUCTION The center of this lab states around the diffusion across a cellular membrane, how exactly materials move and diffuse in concentrations. Both diffusion and osmosis are forms of movement that are part of passive transport dealing with cell membranes. Diffusion is where the solutes move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. Water goes through the cell membranes by diffusion. Osmosis is specifically the movement of water through membranes. Since osmosis and diffusion are both part of passive transport, this means that they do not require energy or pumps. There are different environments created due to diffusion. There are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic environments. Hypotonic is when the solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the water potential. The hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration and lower water potential. In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement and there is an equal concentration of solutes and water (Veno). In our lab, we modeled diffusion and osmosis with a hospital scenario. It is important for a solution to have sugar sucrose in it so the water and solute can be equal to create an isotonic environment. If there wasn’t, there would either be a hypotonic causing the cell to burst, or there would be hypertonic causing the cell to shrink. Purpose of this experience states the relationship between molecular size and the rate of diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane. The osmotis behavior in plant cells and the relationship between the osmolarity of the surrounding solution and this behavior. Each cell type have a unique osmolarity and be able to quantitatively estimate the osmolarity of plant cells experimentally with the use of solution of varying solute concentrations (Lab manual). We created models of living cells by using dialysis tubing. The dialysis tube represented the cell membrane to act as selectively permeable to water and some solutes. Osmosis is a particular kind of diffusion, because the diffusion happens with water molecules moving from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, passing through a selectively permeable membrane. By taking into consideration the movement of two liquids (the iodine and the starch) through a semi-permeable membrane (the dialysis tubing), and bearing in mind the definition of osmosis, we should expect the two substances to mix with each other until the entire content of the test tube appears a homogeneous mix of starch and iodine. However, we know from the background information that starch molecules are very large carbohydrate molecules, and we also know that selectively permeable membranes only guarantee the passage to small or medium molecules; by knowing this additional information, we can state the following hypotheses. If the starch molecules are too large to pass through the selectively permeable membrane (the dialysis tubing), then the iodine (which has small molecules) will expand from the space around the dialysis tubing (point of high concentration), and move through it, going to the inside of the tubing (point of low concentration) until equilibrium is gained; while the starch will not manage to diffuse throughout the test tube, and so will remain inside the tubing and never achieve equilibrium. Instead, if the starch molecules are small enough to pass through the selectively permeable membrane (the dialysis tubing), then the iodine will expand from the space around the dialysis tubing (point of high concentration), and move through it, going to the inside the tubing (point of low concentration) until equilibrium is gained; while the starch will diffuse from inside the tubing (point of high concentration), move through it and diffuse out the test tube (point of low concentration), and so will also achieve equilibrium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Part A: Diffusion of molecules through a selectively permeable membrane Prepare the dialysis bag with the initial solutions of starch and glucose, then tight the bad by rubber band. Pour water into a baker then add several drop of I2KI to have the color light brown. Place the bag of mix solution in the beaker and wait about 30 minutes to remove this bag into another dry beaker. Pour the solution of beaker into a clean tube, add some drop Benedict’s reagent to tube then heat it. 1) iodine entered the bag, because the solution within the dialysis bag changed from a clear color to a blue/black color. We know because the solution within the bag contains starch that the blue/black color is caused by the diffusion of iodine into the bag, which then reacted with the starch present. Glucose diffused out of the bag, an area of high glucose concentration, into the beaker solution, an area of low glucose concentration. We know this because after the experiment was conducted we tested the beaker solution for glucose using Benedict’s solution. This indicates that glucose molecules are small enough to diffuse through the membrane. 2) The movement of iodine resulted from the relative high concentration of it outside the bag compared the solution within the bag. It also occurred because it is small enough to diffuse through the pores in the membrane. The glucose was in higher concentration in the bag compared to outside the bag resulting in it to diffuse through the bag. Glucose was able to diffuse through the bag because it is small enough, but we know the starch didn’t diffuse, even though there was a concentration gradient, because the outside solution after the experiment was conducted didn’t react to iodine. This means the starch was too large for the membrane 3) I would expect the glucose and IKI molecules the diffuse out of the bag as a result of the higher concentration of the two of them inside the bag in relation to the outside of the bag. When the I2KI diffuses out of the bag I would expect it to react with the starch present outside of the bag and turn the solution blue/black. I would also expect the solution outside the bag to react positively to Benedict’s solution at the end of the experiment due to the glucose that diffused into it. The starch is too large to diffuse, so I would expect it not diffuse at all. Part B: Osmotic behavior in cells Prapare a slide of Elodea in sucrose O.5M solution and another slide of Elodea in distilled water. Part C: Estimating the osmolarity of plant cells Add 100mL of each solution in to 7 beakers as following order: DI water, sucrose 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M, 0.6M. Use sharp blade the get 7 sample of potato, weight each sample then transfer to each beaker solution. Incubate them about 1 hour then remove all sample out of beaker, blot them onto paper to dry then weight each sample. The experiment we conducted gave the result that when a potato has contact with a sucrose solution, the cells will start to shrink. We did this by cutting up slices of potato and weighed them and recorded their initial weights. We used deionized water and different concentrations of sucrose. We than placed each potato slice in beakers with their designated solutions. We let them soak and incubate for an hour then we removed them from the beakers. Next we measured their new weights and recorded them. The objective of this experiment is to detect diffusion and osmosis in potato cells in sucrose solutions. Diffusion is the spontaneous spread of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion involving water. The results will either be hypertonic or hypotonic. Hypertonic means that the solution is more salute than water. Hypotonic means less salute and more water. For this lab, we can apply these principles to plant cells. The plant cells have a semi permeable membrane so they can experience osmosis and diffusion as discussed earlier. When it comes to the potato cells, added with sucrose it will experience a reaction changing the form of the cells. The hypothesis of this experiment goes as follows, if we place potato cells in a sucrose solution, then the cells will shrink. They will shrink because when the sucrose is added the water in the potato, where there is high concentration, will move to the outside of the potato where there is low concentration. RESULTS Part A Table 1: Iodine and Benedict’s test Part C Graph molarity of sucrose solution vs % change weight potato DISCUSSION Part A The clolor of beaker change to orange after Benedict’s test that indicate glucose molecule are small enogh to disuse through the membrane. Glucose diffused out of the bag, an are of high glucose concentration into the beaker solution where area of low glucose concentration. 1) iodine entered the bag, because the solution within the dialysis bag changed from a clear color to a blue/black color. We know because the solution within the bag contains starch that the blue/black color is caused by the diffusion of iodine into the bag, which then reacted with the starch present. Glucose diffused out of the bag, an area of high glucose concentration, into the beaker solution, an area of low glucose concentration. We know this because after the experiment was conducted we tested the beaker solution for glucose using Benedict’s solution. This indicates that glucose molecules are small enough to diffuse through the membrane. 2) The movement of iodine resulted from the relative high concentration of it outside the bag compared the solution within the bag. It also occurred because it is small enough to diffuse through the pores in the membrane. The glucose was in higher concentration in the bag compared to outside the bag resulting in it to diffuse through the bag. Glucose was able to diffuse through the bag because it is small enough, but we know the starch didn’t diffuse, even though there was a concentration gradient, because the outside solution after the experiment was conducted didn’t react to iodine. This means the starch was too large for the membrane 3) I would expect the glucose and IKI molecules the diffuse out of the bag as a result of the higher concentration of the two of them inside the bag in relation to the outside of the bag. When the I2KI diffuses out of the bag I would expect it to react with the starch present outside of the bag and turn the solution blue/black. I would also expect the solution outside the bag to react positively to Benedict’s solution at the end of the experiment due to the glucose that diffused into it. The starch is too large to diffuse, so I would expect it not diffuse at all. Part B Base on predictions and observation, 0.5M sucrose is hypertonic solution and distilled water is hypotonic solution. Sucrose has the greatest osmolarity. I expect pond water would be hypertonic because it contains compound that make expand to the cell wall (dangerous for cell), in fact pond water is a hypotonic. Part C Base on graph, at sucrose molarity 0.2M is the curve cross the zero change line. This information can be used to determine the osmolarity of the potato tissue. Sucrose 0.2M make no change weight potato that means the natural potato sucrose molarity at 0.2M. If solution has higher molarity than potato, it loses weight because water move out of cell. In contast, the solution is lower molarity then it gains weight and water move into the cell. Thus I can estimate the osmolarity of the potato tuber tissue is sucrose 0.2M. From the results taken, the more concentrated solutions of sugar seemed to draw the water towards it. This supports my hypothesis and also shows that sugar is also a hypertonic solution since it is were there was more water brought into the solution than outside of it. This could be applied in the real world with people who suffer from dehydration. By raising the sugar level in their body, they are more likely to take in more water into their cells. One thing that could be tried in future experiments could be to add additional types of solutions to the experiment that would simulate more of the human internal cell system. By adding more substances, the chances of seeing how osmosis truly works in the body can be seen that could prove useful for medical purposes (Towle). REFERENCES CSULA, lab manual Biol 100b, 2015 â€Å"Plasma Membrane† Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 2009. 8th Nov. 2009. Towle, Albert, Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Orlando, Fl, 1993. Veno, Barbara, slides and take notes biol 100b

Crtitical Thinking & Language Essay -- essays research papers

Our eyes met across the crowded lawn and instantly the dark clouds parted sending rays of light over his hard chiseled body. His steel arms, charcoal hair, and stealth waist made my knees buckle beneath me. All other sounds ceased and a peaceful melody played inside my soul as we slowly began to make our way toward one another. The unspeakable power of his eagle eyes cut into the dark depths of my soul. The tender touch between us sent shards of electricity through my receptive body. A jolt of excitement sent my thoughts soaring to the cold dark depths of despair. The monster of my heart opened the floodgates of past memories painfully stretching the uncultivated areas of my heart. His tender touch began to unravel the secret stranded within. Mending of our wounds began as two bodies entwined in unbridled love beneath a molten moon. The eternal strength of two hearts sealed with the offering of a single ring placed upon her left hand. Thought and language diversity is at the core of the human experience. Are we smart because we have language or do we have language because we're smart? Does the way we talk influence the way we think? Do people who speak different languages think differently? How about people who speak more than one language or those who cannot speak any language? The answers to these questions may be complicated but we can try to make sense of them by using critical thinking. The importance of language is immense; I believe that the more languag...

E.E CUMMINGS :: essays research papers

EDWARD ESTLIN CUMMINGS ("Estlin") is born October 14 in family residence 104 Irving Street, Cambridge, Mass., the son of EDWARD and REBECCA CLARKE CUMMINGS. His energetic, versatile, and highly articulate father teaches sociology and political science at Harvard in the 1890's and in 1900 is ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, Unitarian, in Boston. The Irving Street household will include at various times Grandmother Cummings, MISS JANE CUMMINGS ("Aunt Jane"), EEC's maternal uncle, GEORGE CLARKE, and younger sister ELIZABETH ("Elos"), who eventually marries Carlton Qualey. EEC attends Cambridge public schools, vacations in Maine and at the family summer home, Joy Farm, in Silver Lake, N.H. "Ever since I can remember I've written; & painted or made drawings." 1911 Enters Harvard College, specializing in Greek and other languages He contributes poems to Harvard periodicals, is exposed to the work of EZRA POUND and other modernist writers and painters, and forms lasting friendships with JOHN DOS PASSOS ("Dos"), R. STEWART MITCHELL ("The Great Awk"), EDWARD NAGLE (stepson of the sculptor Gaston Lachaise), SCOFIELD THAYER ("Sco"), JAMES SIBLEY WATSON ("Sib"), S. FOSTER DAMON, GILBERT SELDES, M. R. WERNER ("Morrie"), JOSEPH FERDINAND GOULD ("Joe"), ROBERT HILLYER. 1915 Graduates magna cum laude; delivers commencement address on "The New Art." 1916 Receives MA from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. 1917 In New York. Lives at 21 East 15th Street with the painter ARTHUR WILSON ("Tex"). Works for P. F. Collier & Son. In April joins Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. Sails for France on La Touraine, meeting on board another Harjes-Norton recruit, WILLIAM SLATER BROWN, who will remain his lifelong friend. After several weeks in Paris EEC and Brown are assigned to ambulance duty on Noyon sector. Brown's letters home arouse suspicions of French army censor. On September 21, he is arrested together with Cummings, who refuses to dissociate himself from his friend. Both are sent to [the] concentration camp at La Ferte Mace, where they submit to further interrogation. Following strenuous efforts on his father's part, EEC is released December 19. Eight Harvard Poets published, with EEC among contributors. 1918 Arrives in New York from France January 1. Moves with W. Slater Brown to 11 Christopher Street. Drafted during summer; stationed at Camp Devens until his discharge following Armistice. Moves with Brown to 9 West 14th Street, New York. Meets Elaine Orr, whom he will later marry and who is the mother of his only child, Nancy ("Mopsy"), now Mrs. E.E CUMMINGS :: essays research papers EDWARD ESTLIN CUMMINGS ("Estlin") is born October 14 in family residence 104 Irving Street, Cambridge, Mass., the son of EDWARD and REBECCA CLARKE CUMMINGS. His energetic, versatile, and highly articulate father teaches sociology and political science at Harvard in the 1890's and in 1900 is ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, Unitarian, in Boston. The Irving Street household will include at various times Grandmother Cummings, MISS JANE CUMMINGS ("Aunt Jane"), EEC's maternal uncle, GEORGE CLARKE, and younger sister ELIZABETH ("Elos"), who eventually marries Carlton Qualey. EEC attends Cambridge public schools, vacations in Maine and at the family summer home, Joy Farm, in Silver Lake, N.H. "Ever since I can remember I've written; & painted or made drawings." 1911 Enters Harvard College, specializing in Greek and other languages He contributes poems to Harvard periodicals, is exposed to the work of EZRA POUND and other modernist writers and painters, and forms lasting friendships with JOHN DOS PASSOS ("Dos"), R. STEWART MITCHELL ("The Great Awk"), EDWARD NAGLE (stepson of the sculptor Gaston Lachaise), SCOFIELD THAYER ("Sco"), JAMES SIBLEY WATSON ("Sib"), S. FOSTER DAMON, GILBERT SELDES, M. R. WERNER ("Morrie"), JOSEPH FERDINAND GOULD ("Joe"), ROBERT HILLYER. 1915 Graduates magna cum laude; delivers commencement address on "The New Art." 1916 Receives MA from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. 1917 In New York. Lives at 21 East 15th Street with the painter ARTHUR WILSON ("Tex"). Works for P. F. Collier & Son. In April joins Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. Sails for France on La Touraine, meeting on board another Harjes-Norton recruit, WILLIAM SLATER BROWN, who will remain his lifelong friend. After several weeks in Paris EEC and Brown are assigned to ambulance duty on Noyon sector. Brown's letters home arouse suspicions of French army censor. On September 21, he is arrested together with Cummings, who refuses to dissociate himself from his friend. Both are sent to [the] concentration camp at La Ferte Mace, where they submit to further interrogation. Following strenuous efforts on his father's part, EEC is released December 19. Eight Harvard Poets published, with EEC among contributors. 1918 Arrives in New York from France January 1. Moves with W. Slater Brown to 11 Christopher Street. Drafted during summer; stationed at Camp Devens until his discharge following Armistice. Moves with Brown to 9 West 14th Street, New York. Meets Elaine Orr, whom he will later marry and who is the mother of his only child, Nancy ("Mopsy"), now Mrs.

Prejudice and Racism in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Prejudice and Racism in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn    Despite all the criticism, of racism and other questionable material for young readers, Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a superbly written novel, which in the opinion of this reviewer should not be remove the literary cannon. Twain’s novel is a coming of age story that teaches young people many valuable lessons and to some extend makes students reexamine their own lives and morals. The most common argument for its removal from the literary canon is that the novel is too racist; it offends black readers, perpetuates cheap slave-era stereotypes, and deserves no place on today’s bookshelves.   However one must ask if Twain is encouraging traditional southern racism or is Twain disputing these idea.    On a superficial level The Adventures Huckleberry Finn might appear to be racist, and for the most obvious reason: many characters use the word â€Å"nigger† throughout the novel. But since the action of the book takes place in the south twenty years before the Civil War, it would be amazing if they didn’t use that word. A closer reading also reveals Twain’s serious satiric intent. In one scene, for instance, Aunt Sally hears of a steamboat explosion. â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt?† she asks. â€Å"No'm,† comes the answer. â€Å"Killed a nigger† (Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn 1409). But anyone who imagines that Mark Twain meant this literally is missing the point. Rather, Twain is using this casual dialogue ironically, as a way to underscore the chilling truth about the old south, that it was a society where perfectly â€Å"nice† people didn’t consider the death of a black person worth their notice. To drive the point home, T wain has the lady continue: â€Å"We... ...e end of the novel, Huck and the reader have come to understand that Jim is not someone’s property or an inferior man, but an equal. To say that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a racist novel is absurd, but there are always some hot-heads claiming that the novel is racist. These claims are not simply attempts to damage the image of a great novel, they come from people who are hurt by racism and don’t like seeing it in any context. However, they must realize that this novel and its author are not racist, and the purpose of the story is to prove black equality. It is vital for the reader to recognize these ideas as society’s and to recognize that Twain throughout the novel does encourage racist ideas, he disputes them. For this reason, and its profound moral implication, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should not be removed from the literary canon. [1056]   

Linguistics Lecture Essay

Todays target Begin to infrastand the fundamental slipway of thinking in Linguistics. around properties of grammar creativity generality similitude Some properties of grammar likeness ? all grammars are equally legal prescriptive grammar descriptive grammar ? ? Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No volume who live in East Hamilton frequently say I seen him where they should say I saw him Clicker frequency is BD.Is this statement a scienti?c observation? A. Yes B. No In Finnish, prepositions come after nouns. Kissa on poydan alla claxon is table under The cat is under the table Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No If you end a sentence with a preposition you sound ignorant. Gymboree is wizard of the stores that I shop at. Gymboree is one of the stores at which I shop. Clicker frequency is BD. Clicker frequency is BD. Some properties of grammar Universality ? ? ? ?all grammars share virtually universal properties phonological synt actic etc. Some properties of grammar Mutability ? ? ? ? all grammars trade over time sounds backchats & word forms sentence structures w not hw in Canada by age Some properties of grammar Inaccessibility ? around all grammatical association is unconscious mind (a. k. a. implicit) How can we observe unconscious knowledge? Some properties of grammar ? ? ? ? ? ? creativity generality parity universality mutability inaccessibility.

Tally

TALLY . ERP9 FEATURES Advantages of T to each matchless(prenominal)y. ERP 9 Powerful removed(p) capabilities that boost collaborationism Easy to find qualified force play Easy to customize Low toll of ownership via quick implementation, T all in ally Integrator, indorse Centre Functions & Features explanation All your bill requirements be accompanimented and much. Ac deliberateing, also cognize as book passing, is the unloading and classifying of monetary proceeding into the books of accounts and associated registers.Let us look at the both(prenominal) of the select for which argumentati bingles economize books of accounts To fulfill legal requirements lands as per standards and pr shapeices To pay taxes to sundry(a) bodies statutory bespeaks Keep the trade running farther aroundgon receiv competents & payable, cash, bank Keep a celebrate on the pulse of the organization disclose performance indicators Respond to queries to locate the so rt out transaction immediatelyWe allow in hold been perfecting this simple cross-fileing story from over twenty courses. All this to confer better, faster and much flexible slip sort to fulfill your learns, non scarcely detect books of accounts. A a few(prenominal) examples ordain dilate With the penetration of a verifier (this is what we key all accounting proceedings) all books of accounts, all disciplines, all totals & sub-totals ar up pick upd at a clock meter.T here is nothing more that indispens expertnesss to be d sensation whether you argon inserting a forgotten entry, or countersinking one Taxation requirements of all the states of India ar available, in the prescribed formats Supporting tasks resembling monitoring device letters, delayed interest, ageing, bank atonement one(a) single dashboard to look at all important commerce ratios commit shoot from both(prenominal) report, even the residuum Sheet, honest to any(prenomina l)(prenominal) voucher or filter and search Data entry in the voice communication of the uptakers choice and report in any former(a) language (from the languages supported) Mark vouchers that be draft as optional and convert these to final- with one button piffle Financial Management & Controls Tally. ERP 9 amazes with easy features & fiscal reports that give you the necessary circumspection and overlook of your product line. A few of these are diagno larnd below computer storages Flow & cash in Flow reports serve you ocate bottlenecks Bank reconciliation admits your bank books in sync, and identify unreadable instruments Customer Credit Limits to limit matter a chance of default and large losses Budgets keep tabs on supported expenses a wearst actuals Mark vouchers post particular determined these result reflect into the books of accounts only on/ subsequently that date For engages where reports fill to claim a transaction that has not happene d (say salaries for this month that get paid the next month) vouchers (called reversing journals) target be marked to dis progress for reports post a peculiar(prenominal) date Scenario caution helps you with your business forecasting and planning. You female genitals purpose optional, reversing journals and archive vouchers, to aid in recording probationary entries that are useful for interim reports octuple document valuation. You deal decide one valuation method for the business, and be able get down financial reports using any opposite valuation method as the statutory method may not be appropriate for your needs, your bankers and for other decisions bills balances bum go ban you faeces get warned if this is about to happen, or know up reports and make the necessary corrections slightly(prenominal) business exceptions are available (negative cables, negative ledgers) for you to exercise ascertain over these activities A one-screen business ratios with drill down righteousness up to the minutes help you to correct course frequently relic pert & document wise gainfulness statements to hold up revenue leakage and inappropriate determine Internal size ups are supported with audit controls authorized users tidy sum mark vouchers as audited and send word get to see reports on changes made post audit, and the name of the psyche devising the change Inventory accounting & Management If you deal in goods, of any type, youll respect the Inventory capabilities in Tally. ERP 9.You pile comprehensively record all types of archive transactions, using goods admit notes, pitch notes, pipeline journals, manu situationuring journals and animal(prenominal) spud journals. All stock movements are fully recorded and keep in stock registers. Developed for all manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers or traders a small list of features are briefly described below Manufacturers neb of materials and Manufacturing Journals, to record material conversions involved bill of materials support, for wholes that contain assemblies doubled locations (go downs) run into for manufacturers, including all documentation and invoice be for jobsDistributors Wholesalers Multiple price lists, with effective dates of pertinence Use quadruplicate units of measure (say KGs & grams) treble units of measure (say KGs and bags, to support variations as happens in commodities) Traders High speed billing, with support for POS printers shut out code support Automatic finishing of taxes Service billing religious service tax Integrated gross gross revenue return in bills Print bills (and any other document) in the customers language Common You faecal matter read to de-link the computed inventory value to self-actingally appear in your financial statements and enter this human body manually. monetary fund ageing reports, to identify deadening and non-moving stocks Invoice profitability reports t o keep a pulse on sales Multi- capital transactions buy and sell shroudwise the population with integrated forex gain/loss calculations tangible stock take records to adjust material vs. actual stocks Maintain batch expiration details procures Payables from rules of order to Payment Tally. evidence also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating TransactionsERP 9 delivers the entire purchase cycle whether the need is the concluded purchase order goods receipt rejections & returns advances, debits & defrayments or a single payment entry, fulfilling all needs. To ensure that you study the right stocks and minimize carrying cost, Tally. ERP 9 delivers the undermentioned to mitigate purchase orders Define Re-order levels as a definite number or establish on consumption Define minimal touchstone to order as a definite number or establish on consumption Pull up a report that shows the stock position, including complete details of open purchase orders, s ales orders that need to be fulfilled duty tour on past purchase history, and and so place orders Optionally stagger delivery dates in the POWhen receiving goods Make entries in accordance of rights with supporting documentation, including errors your providers could bring in made (say of generation & round off) Incorporate special costs Automatically manage arousal taxes tractableness allows receipt of goods, quantities and rates different from that tenacious since this is common in authoritative flavor Record samples & reposition items (using different actual & bill quantities) Multiple receipts for one order or one receipt for ninefold orders, or against verbal orders In human face in that respect is a need to add other costs (say coolie and cartage) these additional charges squirt be apportioned to the cost of goods purchased. Supplied goods may not match your needs and these are managed by the Rejections Out inventory voucher. Supplier dues, input taxe s and inventory positions are updated.Suppliers often foreshadow likely profits, which may not be met. In case such assurances are made, you so-and-so look at souvenir profitability reports, and get the facts right. You could then talk over a rebate and record this as a debit note. Keep tabs of how much is due to whom, when. Manage advances, payable s & postdated checks. Ensure there are no errors in payments print checks from Tally. ERP 9. gross sales & receivables from Order to Receipt The lifeline of a business, efficiencies in sales procedures, both of goods & services, directly refer growth and profitability. The need to optimize and keep a close watch here requires exceptional capabilities from your business IT system and Tally.ERP 9 meets these demands. The sales process is supported with the take aftering documents Quotations records of quotes Sales orders accepted customer orders mouth ticks documents that ac corporation goods Sales Invoices/ gold Bill t o record the sale Credit Notes for financial adjustments Rejections in for goods returns Receipts for advances and receipts Do you have cash sales (sales across the counter)? With support for Point of Sale printers, exclude codes and receipts in sevenfold t lay offers, you POS change your business at no additional cost. Product sales may come with added services and the integrated product & service billing leave alone close this.Enforce course credit limits, where needed. A massive with the Payment Performance of Debtors report you can identify persistent problems and take necessary business decisions. Interest for delays & monitoring device letters aid in collection. For businesses act in Excisable goods, you get full support for Excise for Traders & Manufacturing Excise matter of fact a business could be both Make multiple deliveries from one order, or one from multiple orders this common need is available across all documents of the sales process. Do you have mult iple classes of customers? You can good dress circleup multiple prices (even in advance and describe the date from which they are effective).Discounts against the line, or for the document, additional charges as a percentage or lump sum, automated round off of bill totals, spontaneous computation of VAT & Service tax, returns & exchanges are all available. Need to verify that you are making the desired sales margins? spot wise and bill wise profitability reports will help you keep tabs. Multi- fraternity A set of account books represents a participation in Tally. ERP 9. Therefore, if you decide to maintain your personal accounts you would name a company. Many businesses do have more than one legal entity and so will require multi-company support. Since each company is a distinct data rack, make technical support for this is not difficult.However, with multiple companies, several needs often prove beyond the mere facility to record transactions that need to be addressed, . Principally, you would like to look at consolidated reports since these are often more meaningful to you than statutory reports of each company individually. You can and then group companies and have the reporting ability as if this were a company. You could also group these on demand or as requisite. So provide A, could group companies in which he is a partner (say Companies P, Q R) and Partner B could have a group with Companies Q, R Y. With multiple companies, you would probably need to analyse them to see relative haomas. In Tally.ERP 9, while beholding a report for Company P, you could induce up some other column onside that shows figures from Company Q (and any more companies). You can straight continue to drill down the report and continue to see these comparisons. quietude often with multiple companies, the need arises to spend a penny the akin ledgers post transactions to more than one company. This can be established with the click of a few keys you k eep on immense time by not having to re-enter data and avoid data entry errors. In special circumstances, where there are needs like a Purchase Order entry worthy a Sales Order in another company, our Service Partners will be able to work with you, understand item requirements and build a solution round the Data Synchronization capableness.Security With multiple companies, maybe including personal accounts, you may need to control who gets gate appearance to which companies, and to do what. You can set up users, grant or abandon access and these are defined for each company. Remote Access You choose to specify which company is accessible remotely. You choose which remote users have access you decide what access a remote user gets. exchange User Management Users come and go. You top executive also have a battle cry policy requiring users to change passwords every few weeks. You can take advantage of the simplicity of central user and password management that Tally. NET ide ntities carry and even remotely manage these while not in office. Multi-Period A financial year is truly suited to business reporting and statutory needs.In unfeignedity, business spans across financial age, so real needs get constrained by these financial periods. As an example, receivables (Sundry Debtors) is an area that is frequently plagued by confusion the need to send reminders, resend statements of accounts and persistent follow up may require that you need to look at figures from date x to date y and one or more financial periods can be in the midst of these devil dates. With Tally. ERP 9, you can specify any date range and perform any operation that you need to. Comparison of Periods, say Q2 this year vs. Q2 last year, often required for shareholder and statutory reporting are easily accomplished. You may also need to commit up periods into smaller chunks, instead of the year. small-arm spirit at the reports, you can instantly status them broken into periods of your choice (daily, monthly, quarterly etc). For studying trends, locating unusual figures, or analyse activities for different periods, this is invaluable. Take the case of cyphers. submit for a five year long project and for assorted ledgers you need to have a budget set up for five years, another for each year, another two that are 2 ? years you can setup such budgets, and compare budget vs. actual for any In effect you can zoom out as rise up as zoom in to any period of your choice. Any changes made or a transaction inserted anytime, are instantly carried forward no matter how far back these are made (from a security standpoint, you might need to define data entry or hanges to transactions prior to a specific date this is available via the User security control features). Multi-Cost/Profit Centers As a business transacting in multiple currencies, you will appreciate the effortless usability of Tally. ERP in this area. Say, you make purchases from a supplier, and transa ct in a up-to-dateness different (say $) from that of your base currency (say INR). Youd like to keep track of the dollars due, as well as the $ substances due for each bill. This way you get to know your strange currency requirements as well as cross check the accounts in $. At the same time you would want to see bully and other financial reports in INR.Since this figure depends on the exchange rate as on the date of the report, generating these are time consuming. With Tally. ERP 9 all reports are generated mechanically all that is needed is that the forex rates be available for reference. Foreign exchange gain & loss entries are posted automatically (as a notional entry), whenever any report is taken. The day you decide to make these entries regular (say end of the financial year) you can post the required accounting Journal (with software assistance). Importers and exporters maintain bank, customer & other accounts in strange currencies (like the example of the supplier) you can maintain these in any currency required.As a outset or subsidiary of a foreign entity, or for reporting, you may need to generate reports in a currency other than the base, at some exchange rate. This capability is available across all reports. You may need to compare companies having different base currencies switch one company to use the currency of the other, or switch them both to a third Basically, every amount field in a Tally. ERP 9 voucher is multi-currency enabled. This allows you to conduct business in ways that manual systems permit and most IT systems fail to provide. It is possible for a supplier to, say, send a quote for items in INR, some in US$ and some in . Multi-units Most businesses will use several units of measure, even if the belief that just one (pieces) is used.Take purchases you could order in the units you are convenient with, and you receive goods in a different unit for e. g. , order in Pcs, receive in KGs. Similarly you could record sales in the units that your customer is comfortable with. The flexibleness of this compound unit of measures is to ensure that Tally. ERP 9 does not get in the way of your way of working. Like in the case of multi-currency, every quantity field is inherently multi-unit ready. Some commodities, say cotton fiber, have peculiar problems the unit of stock used for this commodity is bales, further trade is in Kgs. With changes in weather, cotton looses or gains weight due to changes in moisture content.If you used Kgs for your records, you would loose the ability to manage stock count and stock take of bales if you used bales, you would have a mismatch in the actual quantity transacted. This problem is compounded in real life since each bale carries a different weight of cotton. With Tally. ERP 9 you can manage all these, with the support for multiple units of measure. Now, you can record both units in transactions Kgs and bales at the same time. wrinkle valuation will be do in Kgs inven tory count can be managed in bales You receive some supplies the Invoice shows 5 Pcs. and the actual count shows 6 Pcs. Were you to enter your receipt as 6 Pcs. there will be a mismatch with the voucher and physical document which will result in an audit objection. Entering as 5 Pcs. would mean that one piece is not recorded Tally. ERP 9 supports actual and billed quantities thus delinking the inventory count from the financial impact of the transaction. With this you can also receive and deliver free samples and manage the many variations that occur now and then. Therefore compound units, alternate units and billed/actual quantities should deliver the capabilities needed for most, if not all, of your requirements. Multi-Location Inventory Even the simplest of organizations will have inventory in more than one physical location.As organizations get bigger, inventory will require active management with more warehouses (go downs, as we call it in India), racks shelves and stocks at project locations. Take the case of multiple sales takingss, each with one go down. apiece purchases items at different prices and sells them over time. You need to take a call on the value of stocks at each of these outlets as if they were independent units and not apply the company average. With Tally. ERP 9, each outlet will act as an independent unit from a costing perspective. Sales from each outlet will reflect the appropriate cost, and not the company average (which can skew profitability of both outlets).Seen at the company level, the cost behavior ignores these go downs making reports and financial analysis appropriate at that level. Go downs can contain go downs to allow management to the bin level. For various jobs (projects) and sub-jobs, the use of go downs and cost centers in Tally. ERP 9 give a spunky level of reporting and analysis on inventory and financial aspects of jobs. Multi-Budgets Scenarios Budgets are a measure of the results expected for the planne d activities for a company. Whether you formally plan budgets or not, you will be working against several budgets Revenue, Production, Expense, Financial, enthronisation and so on. Once these budgets are recorded, you would periodically want to check up how your business measures up against this plan.And once you get a handle on the variance, you would probably take decisions on course corrections record possible outcomes of these changes (as scenarios) and compare against the budgets once again. This is a right planning mechanism that provides the flexibility to work in a changing /dynamic environment. With Tally. ERP 9, you can set up any number of budgets and to make this easy, budgets can curler up into group budgets and these can roll up again into master budgets the people who come up with the budgets can make entries and the roll-up is automatic (and can be overridden at the rolling up level as well). While viewing any report, you can choose to pull up the budgeted fig ures as well, along with a variance column. You could just as easily pull up budget figures alone and make these available to various people.A scenario is the name given to a specific combination of vouchers that will be include to deliver a report you can include and exclude different voucher types and build as many scenarios as needed say one where a product launch is on time and another where it is delayed by ternion months. You could then view actual figures against a scenario. You could also see the variance between a scenario and the budget Budgets and Scenarios are powerful tools when used by themselves used in concert they deliver unprecedented power to help plan monitor your business. TALLY insurance coverage ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Modifying Reports (Options) parallelism Sheet Profit going away Account Stock compendious audition ease Day keep back Cash Book Petty Cash Book Bank Book Journal register Ledge r Purchase biography Sales Register Ledger-wise Outstanding Reports Interest due Interest Payable Cost year Summary Statistics Stock Transfers Stock military rank Methods BOM Cost Estimate Daily Balance of Cash/Bank Book Stock Query Negative Stock Item Movement Analysis Stock age Analysis Multi-Column Cash Book Purchase Register-Extract Sales Register-Extract Cash Flow Summary Funds Flow Summary Budgets due Receivable Overdue Payable Age-wise Receivable Negative Ledger Debit Note Register Credit Note Register Reminder earn Confirmation Letter ? Comparative Profit and Loss Account ? Vertical Balance Sheet with works Capital ? Comparative Quarterly Balance Sheet ? Income Expenditure Statement